Mindtree Interview Questions 2024 That Will Take Your Preparation To The Next Level!

Mindtree Limited is an IT and MNC consulting company, with headquarters in Bangalore, India. In 2019, Mindtree was acquired by Larsen and Toubro before being merged with L&T Infotech (LTI) in 2022 to form LTIMindtree. The company was founded by Ashok Soota, Krishnakumar Natrajan, Subroto Bagchi, and Anjan Lahiri.

For Software Engineering graduates, Mindtree is a good company for gaining professional experience. In this article, we will cover an overview of the Mindtree recruitment process and take you through some important Mindtree interview questions.

Eligibility Criteria for Mindtree Recruitment

The candidate must meet the following criteria:

BE, BTech(from AICTE-recognized College of Engineering) and MCA graduates are eligible.
Candidates need to score 65% or above in their 10th, 12th, and BE/BTech/MCA.
Not more than 2 backlogs.
Freshers from CSE/IT branches are eligible.

Mindtree Recruitment Process: Rounds Overview

The Mindtree recruitment process is considered extremely close to the Tech Mahindra recruitment process. Generally, the following rounds are included in Mindtree selection process.

1. Aptitude Test

The aptitude test at Mindtree tests the quantitative ability, logical ability, and verbal ability of the candidate. It is a 140-minute long test wherein 75 questions need to be answered.

2. Coding Test

In this round, you need to answer 2 coding questions within 45 minutes. Topics like recursion, pointers, data structures and algorithms, recursion, strings, and mathematical concepts from any one language like C, C++, Java, or Python according to your choice.

3. Technical Interview Process

The Mindtree technical interview may involve questions on topics such as C, C++, and Java. Since you are expected to be aware of the latest developments, your knowledge of trending technologies like AI, IoT, ML, and blockchain may also be checked.

HR Interview Process

The HR interview round may involve basic questions about your personality, family background, training, hobbies, internships, work experience (if relevant), general knowledge, etc. The main purpose of the HR round is to test your knowledge as well as your communication skills.

Note: The aptitude test is moderately difficult and the coding round is fairly hard. The technical and HR rounds are relatively easy if prepared properly. It is also better if you gain some mock interview experience beforehand. Having some interview experience will ease your hesitation and boost your confidence during the Mindtree interview.

Skills required to crack Mindtree interview rounds

Technical Skills:

Programming languages like C, Java, Python, and C++.
Strong grasp of CS subjects like OS, Networking, DBMS, DatabaseSQL Databases, Relational structures, SDLC, etc.
DQL like SQL and MySQL.
Technical knowledge of Blockchain, ML, Java App Development, Frontend, and Backend Technologies is preferred.

Soft Skills:

Candidates must possess good communication skills.
Ability to do teamwork.
Candidates must be creative and should be able to adapt to different situations and be comfortable working with various technologies.
Candidates must have good problem-solving skills, analytical thinking, and decision-making in challenging situations.
Maintain a good work ethic.
Good time management skills.
Leadership abilities.

Mindtree Recruitment Rounds: Detailed explanation

Aptitude Test:

The online Aptitude Test is 140 minutes in duration. It includes the following sections.

Quantitative Section
Logical Section
Verbal Section

The quantitative section will have questions from topics:

Averages
LCM & HCF
Ratio & Proportion
Algebra
Logarithms
Permutation and Combinations
Probability
Profit and Loss
Simple and Compound Interest
Time, Speed, and Distance
Inverse
Area, Shapes & Perimeter
Percentages
Divisibility
Pipes & Cisterns
Numbers, decimal fractions, and power
Time and Work

The Logical Section questions will include topics:

Coding deductive logic
Blood Relation
Directional Sense
Objective Reasoning
Selection decision tables
Analogy and Classification pattern recognition
Coding pattern and Number series pattern recognition
Odd Man Out
Statement & Conclusion
Seating Arrangement
Logical word sequence
Data sufficiency
Mathematical Order
Inferred Meaning

The Verbal Ability section will include topics:

Synonyms
Antonyms
Contextual Vocabulary
Jumbled Sentences
Sentence Formation
Error Identification
Sentence Improvement & Construction
Subject-Verb Agreement
Tenses & Articles
Proposition & Conjunctions
Speech & Voices
Reading Comprehension
Comprehension ordering

Sample Questions for Mindtree Aptitude Round

Q1: How many three-digit numbers can be formed with the digits 6, 7, 8, 9, and 3 (repetition of digits not allowed)?

Options:

Ans: 2. 60

Solution:

The number of numbers formed would be given by = 5 x 4 x 3 (given that the first digit can be filled in 5 ways, the second in 4 ways, and the third in 3 ways).

Q2: A Range Rover covers a distance of 376 km at a certain speed in 8 hours. How much time would a truck take at an average speed which is 18 kmph more than that of the speed of Range Rover to cover a distance which is 14 km more than that traveled by the range rover?

Options:

4 hours
5 hours
8 hours
6 hours

Answer: 4. 6 hours

Solution:

Speed of the range rover = Distance/time = 376/8 = 47 kmph

Now, speed of truck = (speed of range rover + 18) kmph = (47 + 18) = 65 kmph

Distance travelled by truck = 376 + 14 = 390 km

Time taken by truck = Distance/Speed = 390/65 = 6 hours.

Q3: Two pipes, P and Q, together can fill a cistern in 2 hours and P alone can in 3 hours. Then Q alone can fill the cistern in?

Options:

5 hours
5.5 hours
6 hours
6.5 hours

Answer: 3. 6 hours

Solution:

Let p and q be time taken by P and Q to fill the tank

Total time required to fill the tank, t = pq/ (p + q)

Here,

t =2 hour

p = 3 hour

So,

2 = 3q/(3+q)

q = 6

So, Required time = 6 hours

Q4: Milkha takes 3 steps for every 5 steps of Bolt. If one step of Milkha is equal to 3 steps of Bolt, the ratio of the speed of the Milkha to that of Bolt is?

Options:

Answer: 4. 9:5

Solution:

Milkha: Bolt = (3 x 3) 4 Steps of Bolt: 5 Steps of Milkha = 9: 5

Q5: The sum of the ages of 5 children born at the intervals of 3 years each is 50 years. what is the age of the youngest child?

Options:

Answer: 4. 4

Solution:

Let x = the youngest child.

Each of the other four children will then be x+3, x+6, x+9, x+12.

We know that the sum of their ages is 50.

so, x+(x+3)+(x+6)+(x+9)+(x+12) = 50

⇒ 5x+30 = 50

⇒ 5x = 20

⇒ x= 4

The youngest child is 4 years old.

Logical Reasoning Questions with Answers:

Q6: 5040, 720,480,?

Options:

Answer: 4. 360

Solution:

Logic - Multiplying each term by ½, ⅔, ¾, ⅘…

5040 * ½ = 720,

720 * ⅔ = 480,

480 * ¾ = 360.

Q7: Find the missing letter in the sequence.

FAG, GAF, HAI, IAH, ____.

Options:

Answer: 4. JAK

Solution:

The middle letters are static, so concentrate on the first and third letters. The series involves an alphabetical order with a reversal of the letters. The first letters are in alphabetical order: F, G, H, I, J. The second and fourth segments are reversals of the first and third segments. The missing segment begins with a new letter.

Q8: Geologist: Earth Rocks::? :?

Options:

Shining Body: Celestial Body
Moon: Satellite
Ibiza: Island
Ornithologist: Bird

Answer: 4. Ornithologist: Bird

Solution:

As Geologist is a specialist of Earth Rocks similarly Ornithologist is a specialist of Birds.

Q9: Arrange the words given below in a meaningful sequence.

Marriage
Death
Young
Born
Job

Options:

54312
45312
43512
43521

Answer: 4. 43512

Solution:

4, 3, 5, 1, 2

The correct sequence will be:

Born ---> Young ---> Job ---> Marriage ---> Death

The sequence is based on the life cycle of a person.

Q10: After 10 years, what will be the sum of the ages of Mahesh and Samantha?

10 years before, Mahesh was 5 years older than Samantha.
At present, the ratio of their ages is 5: 6.

Options:

If statement II alone is sufficient to answer the question
If statement I alone is sufficient to answer the question
If both the statements together are sufficient to answer the question
If either statement I or statement II are sufficient to answer the question
If both the statement are insufficient to answer the question

Answer: 3. If both statements together are sufficient to answer the question.

Solution:

10 years before, let the age of Mahesh = x then the age of Samantha = x – 10

At present, their age will be, Mahesh = x + 10 years, Samantha = x -10 + 10 = x years

In statement II, the ratio of x + 5 and x are given

Therefore, by combining both statements, we can conclude our answer.

Verbal Ability Questions with Answers:

Q11: During the world cup, the ball on the field certainly did ____ more than usual.

Options:

bounced
was bouncing
bounce
jumped

Answer: 3. bounce

Solution:

In simple past tense, we always use 'did' as an auxiliary verb. However, when 'did' is used in a sentence, the main verb following it will always be in the simple verb form (present tense form).

Q12: Shikha went to see __________ palmist yesterday for the first time.

Options:

None of these
A
An
The

Answer: 2. A

Solution:

Here a palmist can be any palmist, there is no specific palmist is mentioned, so, ‘a’ article will be used. Since we have used ‘for the first time’ it again informs us that Shikha didn’t know the palmist.

Q13: They never fail ______ die in a great cause.

Options:

which
whose
who
whom

Answer: 3. who

Solution:

'They' is the subject over here hence we use ‘who’.

Q14: The pair of shoes on the floor ____ mine. The shoe ___ made in Italy. The 300 dollars I spent on them ____ worth it.

Options:

is was, was
is, were, was
are, were, were
are, were, was

Answer: 2. is, were, was

Solution:

When we use the word ‘pair’ of something, the pair means one even if it has two objects in it. The word ‘pair’ is treated as singular so we use a singular verb with it.

In the second blank, we have removed the word ‘pair’ and the objects ‘shoes’ are treated individually, which gives us the plural form, so we use the plural verb.

However in the last blank, we are talking about an amount and according to rules, an amount is always considered singular.

Q15: With his ______ eyesight, Salman khan spotted a trio of deer on the hillside and he reduced the speed of his car to shoot the deer.

Options:

inferior
ductile
keen
conspirator

Answer: 3. keen

Solution:

Keen eyesight means eagerness.

Coding Test:

Following is the syllabus of the coding test:

Syntax
Logical and Algorithms
Data Structures and Unions
File System
Operators
Database Management Systems
Networks and Connections
Network layer protocols
Network layer functions
Presentation layer
Application layer
Physical layer
Link layer
Responsibilities of session layer
Transport layer header
Lowest layer
Strings
String input
Vector of Strings or String vector
String temp
String void
unsorted arrays
Array Bool
Temporary Array
Subnetting, advantages of subnetting, and disadvantages of subnetting
Subnet in Subnetting
Mail Services
Service Point Address
File transfer access
Feature File
Header File
Time complexity
Shorter burst times
Element Matches
Key form
Error control
Flow control
Nodes
Node to Node transport
Transport from one node to another node
Network priority and Priority task
Full-duplex transmission modes
Half-duplex or full-duplex mode of transmission
Legacy systems
Non-relational or distributed databases
Scheduling
preemptive and non-preemptive scheduling algorithms
Preemptive Scheduling
non-preemptive scheduling
Limited timeIN non-preemptive scheduling
Shared dataNon-Preemptive scheduling
Document-based, graph databases
Sorting Algorithm
Table employee database problem

Previous Year Questions with Answers for coding round

Q16: Write a program to reverse the characters in the individual strings.

Function Description:

Complete the reverseString function. It has the following parameter(s):

Constraints: 1 < len(stringValue) < 10^5.

Input Format For Custom Testing:

The first line contains a string, stringValue, denoting the reversed string.

CODE:


          def reverseWord():
  List = list(input().split(" "))
  updatedList= [x[::-1] for x in List]
  return str(' '.join(updatedList))
   
print(reverseWord())

OUTPUT:

the string is used
gnirts si desu

Explanation: We define a function that will reverse the words. We input the words into a List and then create another List that will input the words in a reverse manner. Then we print the updated list.

Q17: Problem Statement –

Abhijeet is one of those students who try to get his own money by part-time jobs in various places to fill up the expenses for buying books. He is not placed in one place, so what he does is he tries to allocate how much the book he needs will cost, and then work to earn that much money only. He works and then buys the book respectively. Sometimes he gets more money than he needs so the money is saved for the next book. Sometimes he doesn’t. At that time, if he has stored money from previous books, he can afford it, otherwise, he needs money from his parents.

Now His parents go to work and he can’t contact them for a day. You are his friend, and you have to find how much money minimum he can borrow from his parents so that he can buy all the books. He can Buy the book in any order.

Constraints:

1 <= N <= 10^3
1 <= EarnArray[i] <= 10^3
1 <= CostArray[i] <= 10^3

Input Format:

The first line contains N.
Second N lines contain The ith earning for the ith book.
After that N lines contain The cost of the ith book.

Output Format: The minimum money he needs to cover the total expense.

Sample Input 1:

[3 4 2]

[5 3 4]

Sample Output 1:

CODE:


          #include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
    int n, ans =0,sum=0;
    cin>>n;
    vector arr1(n),arr2(n);
    for(int i=0;i<n;i++) cin>>arr2[i];
    for(int i=0;i<n;i++) cin>>arr1[i];
    for(int i=0;i<n;i++) arr2[i]-=arr1[i];
 
    sort(arr2.begin(),arr2.end(),greater());
    for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
    {
        sum+=arr2[i];
        if(sum<0)
        {ans+=abs(sum);sum=0;}
    }
    cout<<ans;
}

OUTPUT:

Explanation:

At first, he buys the 2nd book, which costs 3 rupees, so he saves 1 rupee. Then he buys the 1st book, which takes 2 rupees more. So he spends his stored 1 rupee and hence he needs 1 rupee more. Then he buys the last book.

Q18: Problem Statement-

You are given an integer array containing the IDs of a product. Write a program to calculate the number of repetitions of the given ID in the array and return the count.

Complete the getCount function in the editor below. It has the following parameter(s):

Return: The function must return an integer, denoting the count for all the recurrence of the given product ID in the array.

Constraints:

1 < n < 10^5
1 < arr[i] < 10^5
1 < id < 10^5

Input Format For Custom Testing:

The first line contains an integer, n, denoting the number of elements in arr.

Each line i of the n subsequent lines (where 0 < i < n) contains an integer describing the ids in the array.

The next line contains an integer, id, denoting the id to be found.

Sample test cases:

CODE:


          def getCount():   
  l=[]   
  size=int(input())   
  for i in range(size):       
    c=int(input())       
    l.append(c)   
  ID=int(input())   
  return l.count(ID)   
print(getCount())

OUTPUT:

Q19: Problem Statement:

An automobile company manufactures both a two-wheeler (TW) and a four-wheeler (FW). A company manager wants to make the production of both types of the vehicle according to the given data below:

1st data, Total number of vehicles (two-wheeler + four-wheeler)=v
2nd data, Total number of wheels = W

The task is to find how many two-wheelers as well as four-wheelers need to manufacture as per the given data.

Example :

Input :

200 -> Value of V
540 -> Value of W

Output :

TW =130 FW=70

Explanation:

130+70 = 200 vehicles

(704)+(1302)= 540 wheels

Constraints :

2<=W
W%2=0
V<W

Print “INVALID INPUT” , if inputs did not meet the constraints.

The input format for testing

The candidate has to write the code to accept two positive numbers separated by a new line.

First Input line – Accept value of V.
Second Input line- Accept value for W.

The output format for testing

Written program code should generate two outputs, each separated by a single space character(see the example)
Additional messages in the output will result in the failure of the test case.


          import java.util.*;
public class Main
{
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
             Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
             int v=sc.nextInt();
             int w=sc.nextInt();
             float res=((4*v)-w)/2;
             if(w>=2 && (w%2==0) && v

OUTPUT:

200
540
TW= 130 FW= 70

Q20: Problem Statement:

Given a string S(input consisting) of ‘’ and ‘#’. The length of the string is variable. The task is to find the minimum number of ‘’ or ‘#’ to make it a valid string. The string is considered valid if the number of ‘’ and ‘#’ are equal. The ‘’ and ‘#’ can be at any position in the string.

Note: The output will be a positive or negative integer based on the number of ‘*’ and ‘#’ in the input string.

(*>#): positive integer
(#>*): negative integer
(#=*): 0

Example 1:

Input 1:

###*** -> Value of S

Output :

0 → number of * and # are equal

CODE:


          #include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
 
int main()
{
    string s;
    int a=0,b=0;
    getline(cin,s);
    for(auto i:s)
    if(i=='#') a++;
    else if(i=='*') b++;
    cout<<b-a;
}

OUTPUT:

##***
1
##**#
-1

Technical Questions:

Candidates' understanding of programming languages, computer networks, and their approach to software development, code implementation, and compilation errors will be checked. Questions on C, C++, and Java might also be asked.

Previous Year/Sample Questions:

Q21: Explain HTTP and HTTPS protocols.

These are network layer protocols.

HTTP: HTTP is a Hypertext Transfer Protocol which is a set of rules and standards that control how information can be transmitted across the Internet between web browsers and servers.
HTTPS: HTTPS is Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure which is a highly advanced and secure HTTP version and it uses port 443 for the communication of data. Encrypting all communication using SSL, helps in secure transactions.

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure) are both protocols used for transmitting data over the internet. However, they have some differences:

Security: The main difference between HTTP and HTTPS is that HTTPS is a secure version of HTTP. HTTPS uses encryption to protect the data being transmitted, making it more secure against interception and tampering. HTTP does not provide any encryption, making it more vulnerable to attacks.
Port: HTTP uses port 80, while HTTPS uses port 443.
Certificate: HTTPS requires an SSL/TLS certificate, which is used to encrypt the data being transmitted. HTTP does not require a certificate.
Speed: Because HTTPS adds encryption and decryption overhead, it can be slower than HTTP.
Use case: HTTP is commonly used for transmitting non-sensitive data such as text, images, and videos, while HTTPS is used for transmitting sensitive data such as passwords, credit card numbers, and other personal information.

In general, HTTPS is a more secure and reliable protocol than HTTP, making it the preferred choice for transmitting sensitive data over the Internet.

Q22: Differentiate between interface and abstract class in the context of Java.

Answer:

In the context of Java, both interfaces and abstract classes are used to achieve abstraction and define contracts for implementing classes, but they have some differences:

Definition: An interface is a collection of abstract methods that define a set of actions that an implementing class must support, while an abstract class is a class that cannot be instantiated and may contain one or more abstract methods, as well as concrete methods.
Method implementation: An interface cannot implement any methods, only declare them, while an abstract class can implement both abstract and concrete methods.
Inheritance: An interface can be implemented by multiple classes, while an abstract class can only be extended by one class. However, a class can implement multiple interfaces.
Constructor: An interface cannot have a constructor, while an abstract class can have a constructor that is called when a concrete subclass is instantiated.
Access modifiers: All methods of an interface are implicitly public, while abstract class methods can have any access modifier.

In general, if you want to define a contract for a group of related classes, you can use an interface. If you want to provide a partial implementation of a class and force its subclasses to provide the remaining implementation, you can use an abstract class.

Q23: Write a program to calculate the Least Common Multiple (LCM) of two numbers.

Example :

Input :a = 10, b =15

Output :30

a = 5, b =7

Output :35

Answer: First, explain your approach, then dive into coding.

Approach:

Let us assume the two numbers are a and b. Then, the two numbers have the following relationship:

a * b = LCM(a, b) * GCD(a, b)

or,

LCM(a, b) = (a * b) / GCD(a, b)

Let us take an example to understand better.

For a = 10 and b = 15, a * b = 150, LCM(10, 15) = 30, GCD(10, 15) = 5. So, a * b = LCM(a, b) * GCD(a, b).

Code :

CODE:


          #include 
using namespace std;
 
//Function to find the greatest common divisor of the two numbers
int findGCD(int a,int b)
{
  if (b == 0)
    return a;
  return findGCD(b, a % b);
}
 
// Function to return LCM of two numbers
int findLCM(int a, int b)
{
    return (a * b) / findGCD(a, b);
}
  
int main()
{
    int a = 17, b = 20;
    cout <<"The Least Common Multiple of the two numbers " << a << " and " << b << " is : " << findLCM(a, b);
    return 0;
}

OUTPUT:

The Least Common Multiple of the two numbers 17 and 20 is : 340

Here's a Python program to calculate the LCM of two numbers using the formula LCM = (a * b) / GCD(a, b), where GCD is the greatest common divisor of a and b:


          def gcd(a, b):
if b == 0:
return a
else:
return gcd(b, a % b)

def lcm(a, b):
return (a * b) / gcd(a, b)

a = int(input("Enter the first number: "))
b = int(input("Enter the second number: "))

print("LCM of", a, "and", b, "is", lcm(a, b))

Explanation: In this program, we first define a function gcd to calculate the greatest common divisor of two numbers using the Euclidean algorithm. We then define a function lcm to calculate the LCM using the formula mentioned above. Finally, we take input from the user for two numbers a and b, and print out the LCM using the lcm function.

Q24: What do you understand by super key, candidate key, primary key, and foreign key in the context of database management systems?

In the context of database management systems, the following terms have specific meanings:

Super key: A super key is a set of one or more attributes that can be used to uniquely identify each record in a table. It can contain more attributes than are required to uniquely identify the record, and it can include attributes that are not necessarily unique.
Candidate key: A candidate key is a minimal super key - that is, a set of one or more attributes that uniquely identify each record in a table, and cannot be further reduced without losing uniqueness. In other words, it is a subset of the super key that uniquely identifies each record.
Primary key: A primary key is a candidate key that has been selected as the main key for a table. It is used to uniquely identify each record in the table and to enforce data integrity. A table can have only one primary key, and it cannot contain NULL values.
Foreign key: A foreign key is an attribute or set of attributes in one table that refers to the primary key of another table. It is used to establish a relationship between the two tables, enabling data to be linked and integrated across tables.

Overall, these terms are important concepts in database design and are used to establish relationships and enforce data integrity between tables.

Q25: What are the different types of SQL commands?

SQL (Structured Query Language) is a domain-specific language used for managing data in relational database management systems (RDBMS). There are several types of SQL commands, which are:

Data Definition Language (DDL) commands: These commands are used to define, alter, and delete database objects like tables, indexes, views, and stored procedures. Examples of DDL commands include CREATE, ALTER, DROP, TRUNCATE, and RENAME.
Data Manipulation Language (DML) commands: These commands are used to manipulate data stored in the database. Examples of DML commands include SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE.
Data Control Language (DCL) commands: These commands are used to control access to the database. Examples of DCL commands include GRANT and REVOKE.
Transaction Control Language (TCL) commands: These commands are used to manage transactions in the database. Examples of TCL commands include COMMIT, ROLLBACK, and SAVEPOINT.

Overall, SQL commands are designed to help users interact with and manipulate data in a database, enabling them to perform tasks such as creating, updating, and querying data.

Q26: Can we override the static method?

In object-oriented programming, a static method is a method that is associated with a class, rather than an instance of that class. It can be called without creating an instance of the class, and it operates on the class itself rather than on any specific object of the class.

Since static methods are associated with a class and not with any instance of that class, they cannot be overridden in the traditional sense. When a subclass defines a static method with the same name as a static method in its superclass, the subclass's method will simply hide the superclass's method. That is, the subclass's static method will be called instead of the superclass's static method when the method is called on the subclass.

However, it is still possible to achieve similar functionality to overriding a static method by using a technique known as method hiding. Method hiding involves defining a static method with the same name as a static method in a superclass in a subclass. When this is done, the subclass's static method hides the superclass's static method when called on an instance of the subclass.

Here's an example in Python:


          class Parent:
@staticmethod
def my_static_method():
print("Parent's static method")

class Child(Parent):
@staticmethod
def my_static_method():
print("Child's static method")

Parent.my_static_method() # output: Parent's static method
Child.my_static_method() # output: Child's static method

Q27: What do you understand by cloud computing?

Cloud computing is a technology that enables on-demand access to computing resources such as servers, storage, applications, and services over the Internet. In cloud computing, these resources are made available to users through a network of remote servers hosted on the internet, instead of being stored and managed on local computers or on-premises servers.

The cloud computing model provides a flexible, scalable, and cost-effective way to access computing resources, allowing users to pay for only the resources they need and use, without having to invest in and maintain their own physical infrastructure. Cloud computing services are typically provided by third-party vendors, who manage and maintain the underlying hardware, software, and network infrastructure, while users access the services through a web browser or other client application.

Q28: What is a virtual function?

In object-oriented programming, a virtual function is a function that is declared in a base class and is meant to be overridden (redefined) by derived classes. When a virtual function is called on an object of the derived class, the derived class's implementation of the function is called instead of the base class's implementation.

Virtual functions allow for polymorphism, which is the ability of objects of different types to be treated as if they are of the same type. This enables code to be written that works with objects at a higher level of abstraction, without knowing the specific type of object being used.

Q29: What does IP Address mean in networking?

In computer networking, an IP address (Internet Protocol address) is a unique numerical identifier assigned to each device that is connected to a computer network. An IP address is used to identify and communicate with other devices on the network.

There are two versions of IP addresses in use today: IP version 4 (IPv4) and IP version 6 (IPv6). An IPv4 address consists of 32 bits, usually represented as four decimal numbers separated by dots, such as 192.168.0.1. An IPv6 address, on the other hand, consists of 128 bits, usually represented as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits separated by colons, such as 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334.

IP addresses are assigned to devices by the network administrator or Internet Service Provider (ISP). Each device on the network must have a unique IP address, which allows it to send and receive data packets on the network. IP addresses can be static, meaning they are assigned to a device permanently, or dynamic, meaning they are assigned to a device for a limited time period and can change over time.

Q30: What is the difference between abstraction and interface?

Abstraction is the process of hiding implementation details and exposing only the necessary information to the user. It is a way of simplifying complex systems by breaking them down into smaller, more manageable parts. In object-oriented programming, abstraction is achieved through the use of abstract classes and methods.

An interface, on the other hand, is a contract that specifies a set of methods that a class must implement if it wants to adhere to the interface. An interface contains only method declarations and constants, but no implementation. In other words, an interface defines a set of methods that a class must provide, but it does not provide any implementation details for those methods.

One key difference between abstraction and interface is that abstraction can contain both abstract and concrete methods, while an interface can only contain method declarations. Another difference is that an abstract class can provide default implementations for some or all of its methods, while an interface cannot provide any implementation.

Q31: Difference between hashmap and hashtable?

Both HashMap and Hashtable are data structures in Java that store key-value pairs, but there are some key differences between hashmap and hashtable.

Synchronization: Hashtable is synchronized, meaning that it is thread-safe and can be accessed by multiple threads at the same time without causing data corruption or race conditions. HashMap is not synchronized, and accessing it concurrently from multiple threads can result in unpredictable behavior or data corruption. If you need a thread-safe version of HashMap, you can use ConcurrentHashMap.
Null values: Hashtable does not allow null values for both keys and values, whereas HashMap allows null values for both keys and values. If you try to add a null value to a Hashtable, a NullPointerException will be thrown.
Iteration: The iteration order of elements in HashMap is not guaranteed, and can change over time if the map is modified. Hashtable also does not guarantee the order of iteration, but its iterator is fail-safe, meaning that it will not throw a ConcurrentModificationException if the map is modified during iteration.
Performance: HashMap is generally faster than Hashtable, because it is not synchronized and does not have the overhead of synchronization. However, the difference in performance is usually negligible for small maps, and Hashtable may be a better choice for thread-safe operations in certain scenarios.

Q32: What is Inter-Network Communication?

Inter-network communication, also known as internetworking, is the process of connecting two or more networks together to enable communication between the devices and hosts on each network.

In today's world of interconnected networks, internetworking is essential for enabling communication between different devices, hosts, and networks. The internet, for example, is a vast collection of interconnected networks that allow devices and hosts to communicate with each other regardless of their location or network configuration.

Internetworking is achieved using a variety of technologies and protocols, including routers, switches, gateways, and protocols such as TCP/IP, which are used to facilitate communication between different devices on different networks.

Routers are the most important devices for internetworking, as they enable the transfer of data between different networks. They use routing protocols to exchange information with other routers on the network, allowing them to determine the best path for sending data to its intended destination.

Q33: Write a query in SQL to find the details of an employee having the nth highest salary from a given table Employee.

To find the details of an employee having the nth highest salary from a given table Employee in SQL, you can use the following query:


          SELECT *
FROM Employee
WHERE Salary = (
SELECT DISTINCT Salary
FROM Employee
ORDER BY Salary DESC
LIMIT n-1, 1
);

In this query, we use a subquery to find the nth highest salary from the table Employee. The subquery selects the unique salary values from the "Employee" table, orders them in descending order, and then selects the nth highest salary using the LIMIT clause.

The outer query then selects all the details of the employee(s) whose salary matches the nth highest salary found in the subquery, using the WHERE clause.

Note: Replace "n" with the actual value of the desired rank, e.g., if you want to find the details of the employee with the 3rd highest salary, replace "n" with 3.

Q34: What is the use of internal routers?

Internal routers, also known as interior routers or intra-domain routers, are network routers that operate within a single autonomous system (AS). An autonomous system is a collection of networked devices and hosts that are managed by a single organization and that share a common routing policy.

Internal routers are used to facilitate communication between the different subnets or networks within an autonomous system. They use interior gateway protocols (IGPs) such as OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol), and RIP (Routing Information Protocol) to exchange routing information with other routers within the same autonomous system.

The primary use of internal routers is to enable efficient and optimized routing of data packets within a single autonomous system, ensuring that packets are delivered to their intended destinations quickly and reliably. They also provide fault tolerance and redundancy by maintaining multiple paths to reach a destination.

Q35: What are the advantages and disadvantages of subnetting?

Subnetting is a technique used in computer networking to divide a large network into smaller, more manageable sub-networks, or subnets. Subnetting has several advantages and disadvantages, which are outlined below:

Advantages:

Better Network Performance: Subnetting can improve network performance by reducing network traffic and congestion. By dividing a large network into smaller subnets, traffic is localized, and fewer devices need to process each network packet. This reduces the overall network load and improves performance.
Improved Security: Subnetting can improve network security by enabling network administrators to isolate sensitive data or devices on a separate subnet, making it more difficult for unauthorized users to access them.
Efficient Use of IP Addresses: Subnetting enables more efficient use of IP addresses by allowing network administrators to allocate IP addresses based on the actual number of devices on each subnet. This reduces the number of unused or wasted IP addresses on the network.
Easier Network Management: Subnetting can make network management easier by dividing a large network into smaller, more manageable subnets. This simplifies network configuration, troubleshooting, and maintenance.

Disadvantages:

Increased Complexity: Subnetting adds complexity to network design, configuration, and management. Network administrators must have a thorough understanding of subnetting concepts, IP addressing, and routing protocols to effectively manage a subnetted network.
Increased Administrative Overhead: Subnetting requires additional administrative overhead, such as monitoring network traffic, managing routing tables, and configuring security policies. This can increase the workload for network administrators.
Network Segmentation: Subnetting can lead to network segmentation, which can make it more difficult to share resources and collaborate across different subnets.To reach a Process in the case of a single network, only three steps are required: Source Host to Destination Network, Destination Network to Destination Host, and lastly Destination Host to Process. Subnetting, on the other hand, necessitates four phases for Inter-Network Communication. Source Host to Destination Network, Destination Network to appropriate Subnet, Subnet to Host, and lastly Host to Process are the steps. As a result, Time complexity rises. More time is necessary for communication or data transfer in the case of Subnet.

Q36: What is a sorting algorithm?

A sorting algorithm is a procedure that arranges a set of data in a specific order, typically in ascending or descending order. They are widely used in computer science and other fields where data needs to be organized for efficient processing.

There are many different sorting algorithms, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. Some common sorting algorithms include:

Bubble Sort: This is a simple sorting algorithm that repeatedly steps through the list to be sorted, compares each pair of adjacent items, and swaps them if they are in the wrong order. It has a time complexity of O(n^2), which makes it inefficient for large datasets.
Insertion Sort: This algorithm works by repeatedly taking an element from the unsorted portion of the list and inserting it into its correct position in the sorted portion. It has a time complexity of O(n^2) in the worst case, but can be more efficient than other algorithms for small datasets.
Quick Sort: This algorithm divides the dataset into smaller sub-datasets based on a "pivot" value, and then recursively sorts the sub-datasets. It has an average time complexity of O(n log n), making it efficient for large datasets.
Merge Sort: This algorithm divides the dataset into smaller sub-datasets, recursively sorts each sub-dataset, and then merges the sorted sub-datasets together. It has a time complexity of O(n log n) in the worst case.

Also Read: Understanding Time Complexity Of Algorithms In Detail

Q37: Explain the physical layer in networking.

The physical layer is the first layer of the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model and is responsible for the transmission and reception of unstructured raw data between a device and a physical transmission medium such as a wire, cable, or air.

The physical layer is responsible for defining the physical characteristics of the communication medium, such as the voltage levels, bit rate, encoding method, and other physical parameters. The physical layer establishes and maintains the physical connection between the devices, as well as the transmission medium used to send the data.

Some of the key functions of the physical layer include:

Data Encoding: The physical layer converts the digital data into a format suitable for transmission over the communication medium. Different encoding methods are used depending on the medium being used.
Data Transmission: The physical layer is responsible for transmitting the encoded data over the communication medium in the form of signals. The transmission method used can be analog or digital, and can include various modulation techniques.
Data Reception: The physical layer receives the signals from the communication medium and converts them back into digital data.
Signal Amplification: The physical layer may need to amplify the signals to overcome attenuation and other signal losses that can occur during transmission.
Signal Multiplexing: The physical layer may also be responsible for multiplexing multiple signals onto a single transmission medium to increase efficiency.

Overall, the physical layer is responsible for establishing and maintaining the physical communication link between devices, as well as ensuring that the data is transmitted in a reliable and efficient manner.

Q38: What are the basic principles to override a method?

In object-oriented programming, method overriding is the ability of a subclass to provide a different implementation of a method that is already defined in its superclass. To successfully override a method, the following basic principles should be followed:

Inheritance: The subclass must inherit from the superclass that contains the method to be overridden. This means that the subclass must be a direct or indirect subclass of the superclass.
Same method signature: The overridden method in the subclass must have the same method signature (entity name, return type, and parameters) as the method in the superclass. This ensures that the method in the subclass can be used in place of the method in the superclass.
Access modifiers: The access modifier of the overridden method in the subclass must not be more restrictive than the access modifier of the method in the superclass. For example, if the method in the superclass is public, the overridden method in the subclass must also be public or protected, but not private.
Method body: The overridden method in the subclass must provide a different implementation of the method than the method in the superclass. This means that the method body in the subclass should have different functionality from the method body in the superclass.

By following these principles, a subclass can override a method in its superclass and provide its own implementation of the method. This allows for greater flexibility and customization in object-oriented programming.

Q39: How to handle dynamic objects?

Handling dynamic objects depends on the programming language you are using and the specific context of your program. However, in general, here are some guidelines that can be helpful:

Understand the dynamic behavior: Dynamic objects are those that can change their structure and behavior at runtime. To handle dynamic objects, you need to understand how they change and when these changes happen.
Use appropriate data structures: You need to choose data structures that are suitable for dynamic objects. For example, if you are dealing with dynamic lists or arrays, you might use a linked list or dynamic array, respectively.
Utilize appropriate programming constructs: You may need to use appropriate programming constructs like loops or recursion to handle dynamic objects. These individual contributors constructs can help you iterate through the elements of the dynamic object and perform operations on them.
Implement error handling: Since dynamic objects can change their organisational structure and behavior at runtime, it's important to implement error handling mechanisms that can handle unexpected changes. This can help you avoid crashes and errors in your program.
Test and debug: Finally, it's important to test and debug your code thoroughly when handling dynamic objects. You may encounter unexpected behaviors or errors, and it's important to identify and fix these issues before deploying your code.

Overall, handling dynamic objects can be challenging, but by following these guidelines and using appropriate tools and techniques, you can effectively manage dynamic behavior in your programs.

Q40: What is a manual tester?

A manual tester is a software quality assurance professional who performs testing on software applications or systems manually, without the aid of automation tools. Manual testers follow predefined test cases or test scenarios, execute them step-by-step, and report any defects or issues they encounter during testing.

Manual testing is a crucial part of the software development life cycle (SDLC) and involves testing the software for defects, user experience, usability, and other functional and non-functional aspects. Manual testers may also be involved in identifying test scenarios and creating test cases, documenting test results, and collaborating with developers to resolve defects.

Q41: Given two unsorted arrays. Check if the second array is a subarray of the first array.

We use two pointers to explore both the array and the subarray. We maintain the pointer of array arr2[] and increase the pointer of both arrays if any element of arr1[] matches the first element of arr2[], otherwise set the pointer of arr1 to the next element of the previous starting point and reset the pointer of arr2 to 0. If all of arr2's elements match, print True; otherwise, print False.


          #include 
#include 

using namespace std;

bool isSubarray(vector& arr1, vector& arr2) {
for (int i = 0; i <= arr1.size() - arr2.size(); i++) {
bool found = true;
for (int j = 0; j < arr2.size(); j++) {
if (arr1[i+j] != arr2[j]) {
found = false;
break;
}
}
if (found) {
return true;
}
}
return false;
}

int main() {
vector arr1 = {3, 7, 5, 9, 2, 8, 10};
vector arr2 = {5, 9, 2};
if (isSubarray(arr1, arr2)) {
cout << "arr2

Q42: Explain the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model in the context of computer networks.

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a conceptual model that describes how data is transferred over a network. It is a layered model that is designed to enable communication between different computer systems regardless of their underlying architecture, operating system, or physical transmission medium.

The OSI model consists of seven layers, each of which defines a specific set of functions that are performed on data as it passes through the network. The layers are:

Physical Layer: Physical layer defines the physical transmission medium used to transmit data, such as copper wires, fiber-optic cables, or wireless signals. The physical layer also defines the electrical and physical specifications of the transmission medium.
Data Link Layer: This layer provides a reliable means of transmitting data across the physical transmission medium by adding error checking and flow control mechanisms. It is responsible for framing data into packets, adding error detection and correction codes, and managing the flow of data between devices. After producing frames, the Data link layer adds the sender and/or receiver's physical addresses (MAC addresses) to the header of each frame.
Network Layer: This layer is responsible for routing data packets between different networks. It determines the most efficient path for data to travel through the network based on the network topology and the destination address of the packet.
Transport Layer: This layer provides end-to-end communication between applications running on different devices. It ensures that data is delivered reliably and in the correct order, and provides flow control mechanisms to prevent the sender from overwhelming the receiver. (Read more about transport layer protocols)
Session Layer: This layer establishes, manages, and terminates communication sessions between devices. It allows applications to establish and maintain ongoing conversations and provides mechanisms for recovery from communication failures.
Presentation Layer: This layer is responsible for converting data between different formats and character sets, and for encrypting and decrypting data as required for secure communication.
Application Layer: This layer provides services and interfaces to applications that enable them to communicate with other preferable choices for applications over the network.

The OSI model provides a common framework for network communication, allowing hardware and software from different vendors to interoperate seamlessly. It also facilitates the development of standardized network protocols and allows network designers to focus on specific layers of the model without having to consider the entire network infrastructure.

Q43: Differentiate between preemptive and non-preemptive scheduling algorithms

In computer operating systems, scheduling algorithms determine how tasks or processes are scheduled on the CPU. Preemptive and non-preemptive scheduling algorithms are two common types of scheduling algorithms, which differ in how they handle the interruption of running tasks.

Here's the difference between preemptive and non-preemptive scheduling algorithms:

Preemptive Scheduling: In preemptive scheduling, the CPU can be taken away from a running process or task even if it has not completed its execution. This means that a higher-priority process can interrupt a lower-priority process, causing it to temporarily stop executing so that the higher-priority process can run. Preemptive scheduling is more responsive to changes in system priorities, but it can cause more overhead and may be less efficient.
Non-Preemptive Scheduling: In non-preemptive scheduling, the CPU is not taken away from a running process until it has completed its execution or it voluntarily releases the CPU. This means that once a process has been allocated the CPU, it keeps it until it finishes its execution, even if a higher-priority process becomes available. Non-preemptive scheduling is more predictable and can be more efficient than preemptive scheduling, but it may not respond as quickly to changes in system priorities.

To summarize, preemptive scheduling allows for the possibility of interruption of running tasks, while non-preemptive scheduling does not. Preemptive scheduling can provide better responsiveness to changes in system priorities, but it can also cause more overhead. Non-preemptive scheduling can be more efficient but may not respond as quickly to changes in priorities.

HR Interview Round

After the first three rounds, you advance to the final round i.e.the HR round.

To help you crack the actual interview, we have gathered some of the most frequently asked management interview questions and answers.

Sample Questions:

Q26: Why are you interested in this position?

Model Answer: I have successfully handled these responsibilities in my past roles, and am sure that I can apply the acquired skills in this role and further my career. Also, working with a firm that offers a good learning ground and great professional exposure is a dream job for me.

Q27: Tell me about an incident in your past when you handled confidential information.

Model Answer: In my past role as manager, I had to handle confidential information of my team members on a regular basis. Precaution needed to be exercised and any fault would have been catastrophic. So I accessed the information only when needed and never shared it with unauthorized people.

Q28: How will you manage work pressure?

Model Answer: I prioritize my work based on deadlines. This way I minimized work pressure. (Read More)

Q29: Are you comfortable with rotational shifts?

Model Answer: Yes, I am comfortable with rotational shifts. OR No, I won't be very comfortable. I have a strict schedule, and working in rotational shifts might hamper my performance. However, I would love to be guided in this regard.

Q30: Are you a team player?

Model Answer: Yes, I am a team player. During our summer internship at XYZ Enterprises, my friends and I worked together on a project despite having different character traits. I worked in tandem and contributed wholeheartedly.

Also Read: How To Answer 'What Does Teamwork Mean To You?' In Job Interview

About Mindtree

Mindtree Consulting Private Limited was founded by ten IT professionals in 1999. In 2019, Larsen & Toubro (L&T), one of the largest conglomerates in India, took over control of Mindtree.

Mindtree is involved in multiple IT services like App Development and Maintenance, Digital Services, Data Analytics, Business Process Management, Accounting systems, Enterprise Application Integration and Services, Engineering R&D, Testing, and Infrastructure Management Services and offers enriching opportunities for young professionals.

Shreeya Thakur

Sr. Associate Content Writer at Unstop

I am a biotechnologist-turned-content writer and try to add an element of science in my writings wherever possible. Apart from writing, I like to cook, read and travel.