Top 15+ Difference Between C++ And Java Explained! (+Similarities)

In the sea of programming languages, C++ and Java both have a wide range of applications across industries, making them popular choices for many aspiring developers and professionals alike. Discussing the popularity and use of programming languages often leads to a comparison highlighting the differences and the pros and cons of respective languages.

In this article, we will explore the difference between C++ and Java to better understand how these languages fare when pitted against each other. We will begin by discussing some basics of both languages individually, then the differences between C++ and Java, followed by some similarities. So let's get started!

Brief Introduction To C++

The C++ programming language is a powerful and versatile language known for its high performance and wide range of applications. It was originally developed as an extension of the C language to support procedural and object-oriented programming language. These additions made it suitable for developing everything from system software to complex applications and games.

Brief Introduction To Java

Java is a popular, high-level programming language renowned for its platform independence and robustness. Launched by Sun Microsystems in 1995, Java is widely used for developing cross-platform applications, web servers, mobile apps, and enterprise systems. With its simplicity, object-oriented nature, and extensive libraries, Java has become a cornerstone in software development, offering features like automatic memory management, multi-threading, and strong security mechanisms.

Difference Between C++ and Java

Listed below are the key difference between C++ and Java:

Feature	C++	Java
Memory Management	Manual memory management with new and delete operators. Requires explicit allocation and deallocation of memory. However, there is allowance of dynamic memory allocation.	Automatic memory management through automatic garbage collection feature. Memory is reclaimed by the JVM when objects are no longer in use.
Platform Dependency	C++ itself is platform-independent, as it's a standardized programming language. However, factors like compilers, operating system APIs, hardware architecture, and third-party libraries can introduce platform dependencies in C++ programs.	Platform-independent, i.e., the Java byte code runs on any device with a compatible JVM, enabling cross-platform compatibility without recompilation. That is, the Java interpreter executes the bytecode at runtime.
Syntax and Semantics	Complex syntax with pointers, manual memory management, and multiple inheritance.	Simpler syntax with no pointers, automatic memory management, and single inheritance with interfaces for achieving abstraction.
Performance	Generally, it has faster execution speed, is closer to hardware, and has more control over system resources.	Slightly slower execution speed due to bytecode interpretation and garbage collection overhead. JIT compilation helps narrow the performance gap.
Object-Oriented Programming	Supports procedural, object-oriented, and generic programming paradigms.	Strictly follows object-oriented principles, with everything being an object except for primitive data types.
Exception Handling	Exception handling is available but not mandatory. This way, the community of developers/ programmers have more control over error handling.	Exception handling is an integral part of the language. All exceptions must be caught or declared, promoting robust error-handling practices.
Standard Libraries	Rich standard library (STL) with a wide range of data structures and algorithms.	Extensive standard library (Java API) covering essential functionalities such as networking, I/O operations, concurrency, and GUI development.
Compilation vs. Interpretation	Compiled directly into machine-specific executable binaries, i.e., direct machine code execution.	Compiled into platform-independent bytecode, which is interpreted by the JVM at runtime.
Pointers	Supports pointers and manual memory management, allowing direct access to memory addresses.	Does not support pointers for direct memory manipulation, enhancing security and stability.
Development Environment	Supports a wide range of IDEs and text editors, with compilers available for various platforms.	Typically used with IDEs like Eclipse, IntelliJ IDEA, or NetBeans, offering integrated debugging, profiling, and development tools.
Primarily used for	C++ is mainly used for system programming.	Java is mainly used for application programming. It is widely used in various domains.
Inheritance Tree	C++ always creates a new inheritance tree.	Java uses a single inheritance tree; all classes are children of the Object class.
Community and Ecosystem	Active developer community with a vast ecosystem of third-party libraries and frameworks catering to diverse needs.	Strong and active community support with extensive documentation, tutorials, and resources. Rich ecosystem of libraries and frameworks supporting enterprise-grade applications and web development.
Unsigned Right Shift >>>	C++ doesn't support the >>> operator.	Java supports the >>> operator for unsigned right shift.
Hardware	C++ is closer to hardware.	Java is less interactive with hardware.
Virtual Keyword	C++ supports the virtual keyword for method overriding.	Java has no virtual keyword; all non-static methods are virtual by default.

Overview & Features Of C++ Language

C++ comes with various features that make it a popular choice amongst programmers and companies. These include-

Object-Oriented: C++ supports the principles of object-oriented programming (OOP), including classes, inheritance, polymorphism, encapsulation, and abstraction.
Middle-Level Language: Combining high-level features with low-level programming functionality, C++ allows for efficient memory manipulation and hardware access.
Portable: C++ is designed to be portable, and writing platform-independent code is feasible by adhering to standardized language features and using platform abstraction layers, preprocessor directives, or third-party libraries that provide cross-platform support.
Extensibility: C++ facilitates machine code reuse and scalability, with the help of comprehensive libraries and support for modular programming.
Efficiency: C++ offers performance close to that of low-level languages like C, making it suitable for resource-intensive applications.
Compatibility: C++ maintains backward compatibility with C, allowing for seamless integration with existing C code.
Standard Library: C++ comes with a rich standard library that provides ready-to-use functions and data structures for common tasks.

A Brief History Of C++

C++, a general-purpose programming language was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs in the early 1980s as an extension of the C programming language. Its primary aim was to add support for object-oriented programming through the concepts of objects and classes. This boosted productivity and efficiency while retaining the flexibility of C. C++ was first released commercially in 1985, and it quickly gained popularity due to its versatility and performance.

Since its creation, it has become one of the most widely used languages for creating software today, especially for embedded systems where memory usage is crucial. Many new features in contemporary C++, like lambda functions and string literals, improve software development efficiency.

Applications Of C++

Some of the most common applications of C++ programming language are:

System Software: Operating systems, device drivers, and embedded systems often rely on C++ for its efficiency and low-level capabilities.
Application Software: C++ is used to develop a wide range of applications, including desktop software, space probes, video games, game engines, and graphical user interfaces (GUIs).
Web Development: While less common than other languages, C++ can be used for web development, particularly in server-side applications and high-performance web servers.
Scientific Computing: C++ is popular in scientific and engineering fields for its ability to handle complex calculations and simulations efficiently.

Advantages & Disadvantages of C++

Advantages

Disadvantages

Performance: C++ offers high performance and efficiency, which make it suitable for resource-intensive applications.

Control: With direct access to memory and hardware, C++ provides developers with fine-grained control over system resources.

Flexibility: C++ supports multiple programming paradigms, including procedural, object-oriented, and generic programming.

Portability: C++ code can be compiled to run on various platforms with minimal modification, thanks to its platform independence.

Compatibility: C++ maintains compatibility with C, allowing for seamless integration with existing C codebases.

Complexity: C++ can be challenging to learn and master due to its complex syntax and extensive feature set.

Memory Management: Manual memory management in C++ can lead to memory leaks and segmentation faults if not handled properly.

Safety Concerns: C++ offers fewer built-in safety features compared to higher-level languages, leaving room for errors such as buffer overflows and null pointer dereferences.

Slower Development: Writing C++ code may take longer compared to higher-level languages due to its lower level of abstraction and stricter syntax requirements.

Overview & Features of Java Language

Some of the most important features of Java include:

Platform Independence: Java code can run on any platform with the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), making it highly portable.
Object-Oriented: Java follows the object-oriented programming (OOP) paradigm, supporting concepts like classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, encapsulation, and abstraction.
Automatic Memory Management: Java features automatic garbage collection, relieving Java developers from manual memory management tasks.
Robustness: Java incorporates strong type checking, exception handling, and a comprehensive standard library, enhancing the reliability and robustness of applications.
Multi-threading: Java provides built-in support for multi-threading, enabling concurrent execution of multiple tasks within a single program.
Security: Java's sandbox security model and built-in security features protect against malicious code and unauthorized access to system resources.
Rich Standard Library: Java offers a vast standard library (Java API) that provides pre-built functionality for common tasks, facilitating rapid application development.

A Brief History Of Java

Java was created by James Gosling and his team at Sun Microsystems in the early 1990s. In reality, it was originally designed for interactive television, but its platform independence and other features made it ideal for internet-based applications.

The language was initially named Oak but was later changed to Java due to trademark issues.
In 1995, Sun released a public implementation as a core component of its Java platform (now known as Java SE). This allowed developers to write applets that could run in web browsers on any operating system with a JVM installed.
Since then, numerous updates and versions have been released for desktop applications and servers using this versatile programming language.

Common Applications Of Java

Mentioned below are some important applications of Java that make it a preferred choice for many:

Enterprise Applications: Java is widely used in enterprise environments for developing large-scale, mission-critical applications such as banking systems, customer relationship management (CRM) software, and e-commerce platforms.
Web Development: Java is commonly used for server-side web development, powering dynamic websites, web applications, and web services.
Mobile Development: Java, along with the Android SDK, is the primary language for developing Android mobile applications.
Desktop Applications: Java's rich GUI libraries (such as JavaFX and Swing) make it suitable for developing desktop applications with graphical user interfaces (GUIs).
Embedded Systems: Java's platform independence and robustness make it suitable for developing embedded systems in various industries, including automotive, healthcare, and industrial automation.

Advantages And Disadvantages of Java

Here are some advantages and disadvantages of the Java programming language that you must consider:

Advantages

Disadvantages

Platform Independence: Java's "write once, run anywhere" principle allows for easy deployment on different platforms without modification.

Object-Oriented: Java's OOP features promote code reusability, modularity, and maintainability.

Automatic Memory Management: Java's garbage collection mechanism reduces the risk of memory leaks and simplifies memory management.

Robustness: Java's strong type system, exception handling, and built-in security features enhance application reliability and robustness.

Large Ecosystem: Java boasts a vast ecosystem of libraries, frameworks, tools, and community support, accelerating development and solving complex problems efficiently.

Performance Overhead: Java's platform independence and automatic memory management come with a performance overhead compared to lower-level languages like C++.

Complexity: Java's extensive feature set and ecosystem can lead to a steep learning curve for beginners.

Resource Consumption: Java applications may consume more system resources (such as memory and CPU) compared to lightweight languages.

Limited Low-Level Access: Java's abstraction layer shields developers from low-level system access, limiting performance optimization in certain scenarios.

Example of C++ and Java Program

C++ Program to Print Variable Values

Source Code Example:

Click here to view code

Output:

Value is 5
The new value: 6

Code Explanation:

As mentioned in the code comment, we first create a variable called i, of integer data type and assign a value of 5 to it. The C++ program then prints the value to the console using the cout command. After that, we increment the value of the i by 1 (using increment operator) and again print it to the console.

Java Program to Increment the Value of a Variable

Source Code Example:

Click here to view code

Output:

Value before increment: 5
Value after increment: 6

Code Explanation:

This code uses the increment operator to increase the value of an integer, x, by one. The first println statement prints out the current value of x (5), and then after it is increased using "x++," which adds 1 to its value. Finally, another println statement prints out that incremented number (6).

Key Difference Between C++ And Java Explained

In this section, we will elaborate on a few key differences for Java Vs C++:

Memory Management:

In C++, memory management is manual, requiring developers to allocate and deallocate memory explicitly using new and delete operators. This gives developers full control over memory usage but increases the risk of memory leaks and segmentation faults if not managed properly.
Java, on the other hand, features automatic memory management through garbage collection. The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) automatically reclaims memory from objects that are no longer in use, reducing the likelihood of memory-related errors.

Platform Independence:

C++ code is platform-dependent and needs to be recompiled for each target platform. Binaries generated for one platform may not run on another platform without modification.
Java code, however, is compiled into platform-independent bytecode, which can run on any device with a compatible Java Virtual Machine (JVM). This 'Write Once, Run Anywhere' (WORA) capability makes Java ideal for cross-platform development.

Thread Support:

C++ relies on third-party libraries like pthreads for threading support, leading to complexity and potential portability issues.
Java has built-in support for threading with classes like Thread and interfaces like Runnable, simplifying concurrent programming and making it easier to take advantage of multi-core processors.

Syntax and Semantics:

C++ has a more complex syntax compared to Java. It includes features like pointers, manual memory management, and support for multiple inheritance.
Java emphasizes simplicity and strict adherence to object-oriented principles. It does not support features like pointers and multiple inheritance, promoting safer and more manageable code.

Performance:

C++ generally offers faster execution speed compared to Java. C++ code is compiled directly into machine-specific binaries, allowing for low-level optimizations and efficient use of system resources.
Java, however, may have slightly slower execution speed due to bytecode interpretation and garbage collection overhead. While Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation helps narrow the performance gap, C++ is still preferred for performance-critical applications.

Operator Overloading and Pointers:

C++ supports operator overloading, allowing developers to define custom behaviors for operators such as +, -, *, etc. It also supports pointers, enabling direct manipulation of memory addresses.
Java does not directly support operator overloading or pointers. This simplifies the language and promotes safety and security by preventing certain types of errors common in C++. Instead, Java encourages the use of references, which are managed internally by the JVM.

Salary:

C++ developers may command higher salaries in certain industries, such as game development, system programming, and finance, due to the language's performance-critical nature and specialized expertise required.
Java developers, on the other hand, might see slightly higher average salaries overall due to the widespread use of Java in enterprise environments, web development, and Android app development.

Ease of Learning:

Java is often considered easier to learn compared to C++ due to its simpler syntax, automatic memory management, and extensive documentation.
C++ can be more challenging for beginners due to its complex language syntax, manual memory management, and lower-level concepts such as pointers.

Similarities Between Java Vs. C++

There also exist several similarities between C++ Vs Java, such as:

Criteria	Similarities Between C++ and Java
Object-Oriented:	Both C++ and Java are object-oriented languages, supporting classes, inheritance, encapsulation, and polymorphism.
Static Typing:	C++ and Java enforce static typing, requiring variable types to be declared before use, improving code reliability.
Wide Usage:	Both languages are widely used across various domains, including software development, game development, web development, and enterprise applications.
Standard Libraries:	C++ and Java come with extensive standard libraries offering a wide range of functionalities, reducing the need for developers to reinvent the wheel.
Multi-Platform Support:	While C++ requires separate compilation for different platforms, both languages support cross-platform development using platform-independent libraries and frameworks.
Syntax	Both languages share similarities in their C-style syntax, including the use of curly braces, semicolons, and many keywords. This makes it easier for developers familiar with C to transition to C++ or Java.
Memory Management	Both have memory management features, although they differ in their approach (manual in C++ and automatic in Java).
Exception Handling	Both have mechanisms for handling exceptions through try-catch blocks.
Community Support:	Both C++ and Java have active communities of developers providing support, tutorials, forums, and resources for learning and troubleshooting.

Conclusion

Both C++ and Java are powerful and popular programming languages with their own sets of advantages and trade-offs. C++ excels in performance-critical applications and systems programming, offering unparalleled control over hardware resources. On the other hand, Java's platform independence, automatic memory management, and ease of learning make it well-suited for enterprise applications, web development, and cross-platform software.

Ultimately, the choice between C++ and Java depends on the specific requirements of the project, the target platform, and the developer's expertise and preferences. Understanding the differences between C++ and Java, which we have outlined in this article, can help developers make informed decisions when selecting the appropriate language for their next endeavour.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q. Is C++ more powerful than Java?

Both C++ and Java have their strengths, and determining which is "more powerful" depends on the context of use. C++ is often considered a more powerful language in terms of performance and low-level programming control due to its closer-to-the-hardware nature, allowing developers to directly manage memory and optimize code for speed and efficiency. This makes C++ a preferred choice for resource-intensive applications like game development, operating systems, and system programming.

On the other hand, Java is renowned for its portability, ease of use, and robust ecosystem, making it a popular language choice for enterprise-level software development, web applications, and Android app development. Additionally, Java's garbage collection mechanism simplifies memory management, reducing the likelihood of memory leaks and buffer overflows compared to C++. Ultimately, the choice between C++ and Java depends on the specific requirements of the project and the trade-offs between performance, development time, and ease of maintenance.

Q. Which is better for beginners? C++ or Java?

For beginners, Java is often considered a better choice due to its simpler syntax, automatic memory management, and extensive documentation. Java's object-oriented nature and built-in libraries make it easier for beginners to grasp programming fundamentals and build applications more quickly. Additionally, Java's platform independence and vast community support provide ample resources and tutorials for beginners to learn from. While C++ offers greater control and a deeper understanding of computer systems, its syntax and concepts can be more complex for beginners to grasp initially, making Java a more accessible starting point for novice programmers.

Q. Java vs C++ which is better for competitive programming?

For competitive programming, both Java and C++ have their advantages. C++ is often considered a preferred language due to its faster execution speed, which can be crucial for solving time-sensitive problems in competitive programming contests. Its ability to directly manage memory and optimize code for efficiency makes it a popular choice among competitive programmers. Additionally, C++ provides access to powerful standard template libraries (STL), which offer a wide range of data structures and algorithms ready for use.

Q. Does Java support manual memory management like C++?

No, Java does not support manual memory management like C++. In C++, software developers have explicit control over memory allocation and deallocation using new and delete operators, which can lead to memory leaks and segmentation faults if not managed carefully.

In contrast, Java features automatic memory management through garbage collection. The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) automatically handles memory allocation and deallocation, reclaiming memory from objects that are no longer in use. This process, known as garbage collection, helps prevent memory leaks and reduces the risk of runtime errors related to memory management. By abstracting away manual memory management, Java simplifies the development process and promotes safer, more reliable code.

By now, you must know all about the difference between C++ and Java programming languages. You might also be interested in reading:

Shivani Goyal

Manager, Content

I am an economics graduate using my qualifications and life skills to observe & absorb what life has to offer. A strong believer in 'Don't die before you are dead' philosophy, at Unstop I am producing content that resonates and enables you to be #Unstoppable. When I don't have to be presentable for the job, I'd be elbow deep in paint/ pencil residue, immersed in a good read or socializing in the flesh.