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C++ Programming Language
- A Brief Intro To C++ & Its History
- The Detailed History & Timeline Of C++ (With Infographic)
- Importance Of C++
- Versions Of C++ Language
- Structure Of A C++ Program
- Comparison With Other Popular Programming Languages
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Test Your Skills: Quiz Time
- What Are Variables In C++?
- Declaration & Definition Of Variables In C++
- Variable Initialization In C++
- Rules & Regulations For Naming Variables In C++ Language
- Different Types Of Variables In C++
- Different Types of Variable Initialization In C++
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Test Your Skills: Quiz Time
- What Are Primitive Data Types In C++?
- Derived Data Types In C++
- User-Defined Data Types In C++
- Abstract Data Types In C++
- Data Type Modifiers In C++
- Declaring Variables With Auto Keyword
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Test Your Skills: Quiz Time
- Structure Of C++ Program: Components
- Segment 1: Documentation Section Of Structure Of C++ Program (With Example)
- Segment 2: Preprocessing & Namespace (Linking) Section Of CPP Program
- Segment 3: Definition Section In Structure of a C++ Program (With Examples)
- Segment 4: Main Function In Structure Of A C++ Program (With Example)
- Compilation & Execution Of C++ Programs | Step-by-Step Explanation
- Explaining Structure Of C++ Program With Suitable Example
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Test Your Skills: Quiz Time
- What is Typedef in C++?
- The Role & Applications of Typedef in C++
- Basic Syntax for typedef in C++
- How Does typedef Work in C++?
- How to Use Typedef in C++ With Examples? (Multiple Data Types)
- The Difference Between #define & Typedef in C++
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Test Your Skills: Quiz Time
- What Are Strings In C++?
- Types Of Strings In C++
- How To Declare & Initialize C-Style Strings In C++ Programs?
- How To Declare & Initialize Strings In C++ Using String Keyword?
- List Of String Functions In C++
- Operations On Strings Using String Functions In C++
- Concatenation Of Strings In C++
- How To Convert Int To Strings In C++
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Test Your Skills: Quiz Time
- What Is String Concatenation In C++?
- How To Concatenate Two Strings In C++ Using The ‘+' Operator?
- String Concatenation Using The strcat( ) Function
- Concatenation Of Two Strings In C++ Using Loops
- String Concatenation Using The append() Function
- C++ String Concatenation Using The Inheritance Of Class
- Concatenate Two Strings In C++ With The Friend and strcat() Functions
- Why Do We Need To Concatenate Two Strings?
- How To Reverse Concatenation Of Strings In C++?
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Test Your Skills: Quiz Time
- What Is Find In String C++?
- What Is A Substring?
- How To Find A Substring In A String In C++?
- How To Find A Character In String C++?
- Find All Substrings From A Given String In C++
- Index Substring In String In C++ From A Specific Start To A Specific Length
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Test Your Skills: Quiz Time
- What Are Pointers In C++?
- Pointer Declaration In C++
- How To Initialize And Use Pointers In C++?
- Different Types Of Pointers In C++
- References & Pointers In C++
- Arrays And Pointers In C++
- String Literals & Pointers In C++
- Pointers To Pointers In C++ (Double Pointers)
- Arithmetic Operation On Pointers In C++
- Advantages Of Pointers In C++
- Some Common Mistakes To Avoid With Pointers In Cpp
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Test Your Skills: Quiz Time
- Understanding Pointers In C++
- What Is Pointer To Object In C++?
- Declaration And Use Of Object Pointers In C++
- Advantages Of Pointer To Object In C++
- Pointer To Objects In C++ With Arrow Operator
- An Array Of Objects Using Pointers In C++
- Base Class Pointer For Derived Class Object In C++
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Test Your Skills: Quiz Time
- What Is 'This' Pointer In C++?
- Defining ‘this’ Pointer In C++
- Example Of 'this' Pointer In C++
- Describing The Constness Of 'this' Pointer In C++
- Important Uses Of 'this' Pointer In C++
- Method Chaining Using 'this' Pointer In C++
- C++ Programs To Show Application Of 'This' Pointer
- How To Delete The ‘this’ Pointer In C++?
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Test Your Skills: Quiz Time
- What is Reference?
- What is Pointer?
- Comparison Table Of C++ Pointer Vs. Reference
- Differences Between Reference And Pointer: A Detailed Explanation
- Why Are References Less Powerful Than Pointers?
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Test Your Skills: Quiz Time
- How To Declare A 2D Array In C++?
- C++ Multi-Dimensional Arrays
- Ways To Initialize A 2D Array In C++
- Methods To Dynamically Allocate A 2D Array In C++
- Accessing/ Referencing Two-Dimensional Array Elements
- How To Initialize A Two-Dimensional Integer Array In C++?
- How To Initialize A Two-Dimensional Character Array?
- How To Enter Data In Two-Dimensional Array In C++?
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- What Are Arrays Of Strings In C++?
- Different Ways To Create String Arrays In C++
- How To Access The Elements Of A String Array In C++?
- How To Convert Char Array To String?
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- What is Memory Allocation in C++?
- The “new" Operator In C++
- The "delete" Operator In C++
- Dynamic Memory Allocation In C++ | Arrays
- Dynamic Memory Allocation In C++ | Objects
- Deallocation Of Dynamic Memory
- Dynamic Memory Allocation In C++ | Uses
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Test Your Skills: Quiz Time
- What Is A Substring In C++ (Substr C++)?
- Example for substr() in C++ | Finding Substring Using Positive and Negative Indices
- Understanding substr() Basics with Examples
- Use Cases/ Examples of substr() in C++
- How to Get a Substring Before a Character Using substr() in C++?
- Use substr() in C++ to Print all Substrings of a Given String
- Print Sum of all Substrings of a String Representing a Number
- Minimum Value of all Substrings of a String Representing a Number
- Maximum Value of all Substrings of a String Representing a Number
- Points To Remember For Substr In C++
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Test Your Skills: Quiz Time
- What Is Operator In C++?
- Types Of Operators In C++ With Examples
- What Are Arithmetic Operators In C++?
- What Are Assignment Operators In C++?
- What Are Relational Operators In C++?
- What Are Logical Operators In C++?
- What Are Bitwise Operators In C++?
- What Is Ternary/ Conditional Operator In C++?
- Miscellaneous Operators In C++
- Precedence & Associativity Of Operators In C++
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Test Your Skills: Quiz Time
- What Is The New Operator In C++?
- Example To Understand New Operator In C++
- The Grammar Elements Of The New Operator In C++
- Storage Space Allocation
- How Does The C++ New Operator Works?
- What Happens When Enough Memory In The Program Is Not Available?
- Initializing Objects Allocated With New Operator In C++
- Lifetime Of Objects Allocated With The New Operator In C++
- What Is The Delete Operator In C++?
- Difference Between New And Delete Operator In C++
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Test Your Skills: Quiz Time
- Types Of Overloading In C++
- What Is Operator Overloading In C++?
- How To Overload An Operator In C++?
- Overloadable & Non-overloadable Operators In C++
- Unary Operator Overloading In C++
- Binary Operator Overloading In C++
- Special Operator Overloading In C++
- Rules For Operator Overloading In C++
- Advantages And Disadvantages Of Operator Overloading In C++
- Function Overloading In C++
- What Is the Difference Between Operator Functions and Normal Functions?
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Test Your Skills: Quiz Time
- What Are Operators In C++?
- Introduction To Logical Operators In C++
- Types Of Logical Operators In C++ With Example Program
- Logical AND (&&) Operator In C++
- Logical NOT(!) Operator In C++
- Logical Operator Precedence And Associativity In C++
- Relation Between Conditional Statements And Logical Operators In C++
- C++ Relational Operators
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Important Interview Questions:
- Test Your Skills: Quiz Time
- Different Type Of C++ Bitwise Operators
- C++ Bitwise AND Operator
- C++ Bitwise OR Operator
- C++ Bitwise XOR Operator
- Bitwise Left Shift Operator In C++
- Bitwise Right Shift Operator In C++
- Bitwise NOT Operator
- What Is The Meaning Of Set Bit In C++?
- What Does Clear Bit Mean?
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Test Your Skills: Quiz Time
- Types of Comments in C++
- Single Line Comment In C++
- Multi-Line Comment In C++
- How Do Compilers Process Comments In C++?
- C- Style Comments In C++
- How To Use Comment In C++ For Debugging Purposes?
- When To Use Comments While Writing Codes?
- Why Do We Use Comments In Codes?
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Test Your Skills: Quiz Time
- What Are Storage Classes In Cpp?
- What Is The Scope Of Variables?
- What Are Lifetime And Visibility Of Variables In C++?
- Types of Storage Classes in C++
- Automatic Storage Class In C++
- Register Storage Class In C++
- Static Storage Class In C++
- External Storage Class In C++
- Mutable Storage Class In C++
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Test Your Skills: Quiz Time
- Decision Making Statements In C++
- Types Of Conditional Statements In C++
- If-Else Statement In C++
- If-Else-If Ladder Statement In C++
- Nested If Statements In C++
- Alternatives To Conditional If-Else In C++
- Switch Case Statement In C++
- Jump Statements & If-Else In C++
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Test Your Skills: Quiz Time
- What Is A Switch Statement/ Switch Case In C++?
- Rules Of Switch Case In C++
- How Does Switch Case In C++ Work?
- The break Keyword In Switch Case C++
- The default Keyword In C++ Switch Case
- Switch Case Without Break And Default
- Advantages & Disadvantages of C++ Switch Case
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Test Your Skills: Quiz Time
- What Is A For Loop In C++?
- Syntax Of For Loop In C++
- How Does A For Loop In C++ Work?
- Examples Of For Loop Program In C++
- Ranged Based For Loop In C++
- Nested For Loop In C++
- Infinite For Loop In C++
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Test Your Skills: Quiz Time
- What Is A While Loop In C++?
- Parts Of The While Loop In C++
- C++ While Loop Program Example
- How Does A While Loop In C++ Work?
- What Is Pre-checking Process Or Entry-controlled Loop?
- When Are While Loops In C++ Useful?
- Example C++ While Loop Program
- What Are Nested While Loops In C++?
- Infinite While Loop In C++
- Alternatives To While Loop In C++
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Test Your Skills: Quiz Time
- What Are Loops & Its Types In C++?
- What Is A Do-While Loop In C++?
- Do-While Loop Example In C++ To Print Numbers
- How Does A Do-While Loop In C++ Work?
- Various Components Of The Do-While Loop In C++
- Example 2: Adding User-Input Positive Numbers With Do-While Loop
- C++ Nested Do-While Loop
- C++ Infinitive Do-while Loop
- What is the Difference Between While Loop and Do While Loop in C++?
- When To Use A Do-While Loop?
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Test Your Skills: Quiz Time
- What Are 2D Vectors In C++?
- How To Declare 2D Vector In C++?
- How To Initialize 2D Vector In C++?
- C++ Program Examples For 2D Vectors
- How To Access & Modify 2D Vector Elements In C++?
- Methods To Traverse, Manipulate & Print 2D Vectors In C++
- Adding Elements To 2-D Vector Using push_back() Function
- Removing Elements From Vector In C++ Using pop_back() Function
- Creating 2D Vector In C++ With User Input For Size Of Column & Row
- Advantages of 2D Vectors Over Traditional Arrays
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Test Your Skills: Quiz Time
- How To Print A Vector In C++ By Overloading Left Shift (<<) Operator?
- How To Print Vector In C++ Using Range-Based For-Loop?
- Print Vector In C++ With Comma Separator
- Printing Vector In C++ Using Indices (Square Brackets/ Double Brackets & at() Function)
- How To Print A Vector In C++ Using std::copy?
- How To Print A Vector In C++ Using for_each() Function?
- Printing C++ Vector Using The Lambda Function
- How To Print Vector In C++ Using Iterators?
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Definition Of C++ Find In Vector
- Using The std::find() Function
- How Does find() In Vector C++ Function Work?
- Finding An Element By Custom Comparator Using std::find_if() Function
- Use std::find_if() With std::distance()
- Element Find In Vector C++ Using For Loop
- Using The find_if_not Function
- Find Elements With The Linear Search Approach
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- What Is Sort() Function In C++?
- Sort() Function In C++ From Standard Template Library
- Exceptions Of Sort() Function/ Algorithm In C++
- The Stable Sort() Function In C++
- Partial Sort() Function In C++
- Sorting In Ascending Order With Sort() Function In C++
- Sorting In Descending Order With Sort Function In C++
- Sorting In Desired Order With Custom Comparator Function & Sort Function In C++
- Sorting Elements In Desired Order Using Lambda Expression & Sort Function In C++
- Types of Sorting Algorithms In C++
- Advanced Sorting Algorithms In C++
- How Does the Sort() Function Algorithm Work In C++?
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- What Is Function Overloading In C++?
- Ways Of Function Overloading In C++
- Function Overloading In C++ Using Different Types Of Parameters
- Function Overloading In C++ With Different Number Of Parameters
- Function Overloading In C++ Using Different Sequence Of Parameters
- How Does Function Overloading In C++ Work?
- Rules Of Function Overloading In C++
- Why Is Function Overloading Used?
- Types Of Function Overloading Based On Time Of Resolution
- Causes Of Function Overloading In C++
- Ambiguity & Function Overloading In C++
- Advantages Of Function Overloading In C++
- Disadvantages Of Function Overloading In C++
- Operator Overloading In C++
- Function Overriding In C++
- Difference Between Function Overriding & Function Overloading In C++
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- What Is An Inline Function In C++?
- How To Define The Inline Function In C++?
- How Does Inline Function In C++ Work?
- The Need For An Inline Function In C++
- Can The Compiler Ignore/ Reject Inline Function In C++ Programs?
- Normal Function Vs. Inline Function In C++
- Classes & Inline Function In C++
- Understanding Inline, __inline, And __forceinline Functions In C++
- When To Use An Inline Function In C++?
- Advantages Of Inline Function In C++
- Disadvantages Of Inline Function In C++
- Why Not Use Macros Instead Of An Inline Function In C++?
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Test Your Skills: Quiz Time
- What Is Static Data Member In C++?
- How To Declare Static Data Members In C++?
- How To Initialize/ Define Static Data Member In C++?
- Ways To Access A Static Data Member In C++
- What Are Static Member Functions In C++?
- Example Of Member Function & Static Data Member In C++
- Practical Applications Of Static Data Member In C++
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- What Is A Constant In C++?
- Ways To Define Constant In C++
- What Are Literals In C++?
- Pointer To A Constant In C++
- Constant Function Arguments In C++
- Constant Member Function Of Class In C++
- Constant Data Members In C++
- Object Constant In C++
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions(FAQ)
- What Is Friend Function In C++?
- Declaration Of Friend Function In C++ With Example
- Characteristics Of Friend Function In C++
- Global Friend Function In C++ (Global Function As Friend Function )
- Member Function Of Another Class As Friend Function In C++
- Function Overloading Using Friend Function In C++
- Advantages & Disadvantages Of Friend Function in C++
- What Is A C++ Friend Class?
- A Function Friendly To Multiple Classes
- C++ Friend Class Vs. Friend Function In C++
- Some Important Points About Friend Functions And Classes In C++
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- What Is Function Overriding In C++?
- The Working Mechanism Of Function Overriding In C++
- Real-Life Example Of Function Overriding In C++
- Accessing Overriding Function In C++
- Accessing Overridden Function In C++
- Function Call Binding With Class Objects | Function Overriding In C++
- Function Call Binding With Base Class Pointers | Function Overriding In C++
- Advantages Of Function Overriding In C++
- Variations In Function Overriding In C++
- Function Overloading In C++
- Function Overloading Vs Function Overriding In C++
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Errors In C++
- What Is Exception Handling In C++?
- Exception Handling In C++ Program Example
- C++ Exception Handling: Basic Keywords
- The Need For C++ Exception Handling
- C++ Standard Exceptions
- C++ Exception Classes
- User-Defined Exceptions In C++
- Advantages & Disadvantages Of C++ Exception Handling
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- What Are Templates In C++ & How Do They Work?
- Types Of Templates In C++
- What Are Function Templates In C++?
- C++ Template Functions With Multiple Parameters
- C++ Template Function Overloading
- What Are Class Templates In C++?
- Defining A Class Member Outside C++ Template Class
- C++ Template Class With Multiple Parameters
- What Is C++ Template Specialization?
- How To Specify Default Arguments For Templates In C++?
- Advantages Of C++ Templates
- Disadvantages Of C++ Templates
- Difference Between Function Overloading And Templates In C++
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Structure
- Structure Declaration
- Initialization of Structure
- Copying and Comparing Structures
- Array of Structures
- Nested Structures
- Pointer to a Structure
- Structure as Function Argument
- Self Referential Structures
- Class
- Object Declaration
- Accessing Class Members
- Similarities between Structure and Class
- Which One Should You Choose?
- Key Difference Between a Structure and Class
- Summing Up
- Test Your Skills: Quiz Time
- What Is A Class And Object In C++?
- What Is An Object In C++?
- How To Create A Class & Object In C++? With Example
- Access Modifiers & Class/ Object In C++
- Member Functions Of A Class In C++
- How To Access Data Members And Member Functions?
- Significance Of Class & Object In C++
- What Are Constructors In C++ & Its Types?
- What Is A Destructor Of Class In C++?
- An Array Of Objects In C++
- Object In C++ As Function Arguments
- The this (->) Pointer & Classes In C++
- The Need For Semicolons At The End Of A Class In C++
- Difference Between Structure & Class In C++
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- What Are Static Members In C++?
- Static Member Functions in C++
- Ways To Call Static Member Function In C++
- Properties Of Static Member Function In C++
- Need Of Static Member Functions In C++
- Regular Member Function Vs. Static Member Function In C++
- Limitations Of Static Member Functions In C++
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- What Is Constructor In C++?
- Characteristics Of A Constructor In C++
- Types Of Constructors In C++
- Default Constructor In C++
- Parameterized Constructor In C++
- Copy Constructor In C++
- Dynamic Constructor In C++
- Benefits Of Using Constructor In C++
- How Does Constructor In C++ Differ From Normal Member Function?
- Constructor Overloading In C++
- Constructor For Array Of Objects In C++
- Constructor In C++ With Default Arguments
- Initializer List For Constructor In C++
- Dynamic Initialization Using Constructor In C++
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- What Is A Constructor In C++?
- What Is Constructor Overloading In C++?
- Dеclaration Of Constructor Ovеrloading In C++
- Condition For Constructor Overloading In C++
- How Constructor Ovеrloading In C++ Works?
- Examples Of Constructor Overloading In C++
- Lеgal & Illеgal Constructor Ovеrloading In C++
- Types Of Constructors In C++
- Characteristics Of Constructors In C++
- Advantage Of Constructor Overloading In C++
- Disadvantage Of Constructor Overloading In C++
- Conclusion
- Frеquеntly Askеd Quеstions
- What Is A Destructor In C++?
- Rules For Defining A Destructor In C++
- When Is A Destructor in C++ Called?
- Order Of Destruction In C++
- Default Destructor & User-Defined Destructor In C++
- Virtual Destructor In C++
- Pure Virtual Destructor In C++
- Key Properties Of Destructor In C++ You Must Know
- Explicit Destructor Calls In C++
- Destructor Overloading In C++
- Difference Between Normal Member Function & Destructor In C++
- Important Uses Of Destructor In C++
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- What Is A Constructor In C++?
- What Is A Destructor In C++?
- Difference Between Constructor And Destructor In C++
- Constructor In C++ | A Brief Explanation
- Destructor In C++ | A Brief Explanation
- Difference Between Constructor And Destructor In C++ Explained
- Order Of Calling Constructor And Destructor In C++ Classes
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Test Your Skills: Quiz Time
- What Is Type Conversion In C++?
- What Is Type Casting In C++?
- Types Of Type Conversion In C++
- Implicit Type Conversion (Coercion) In C++
- Explicit Type Conversion (Casting) In C++
- Advantages Of Type Conversion In C++
- Disadvantages Of Type Conversion In C++
- Difference Between Type Casting & Type Conversion In C++
- Application Of Type Casting In C++
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- What Is A Copy Constructor In C++?
- Characteristics Of Copy Constructors In C++
- Types Of Copy Constructors In C++
- When Do We Call The Copy Constructor In C++?
- When Is A User-Defined Copy Constructor Needed In C++?
- Types Of Constructor Copies In C++
- Can We Make The Copy Constructor In C++ Private?
- Assignment Operator Vs Copy Constructor In C++
- Example Of Class Where A Copy Constructor Is Essential
- Uses Of Copy Constructors In C++
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Why Do You Need Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) In C++?
- OOPs Concepts In C++ With Examples
- The Class OOPs Concept In C++
- The Object OOPs Concept In C++
- The Inheritance OOPs Concept In C++
- Polymorphism OOPs Concept In C++
- Abstraction OOPs Concept In C++
- Encapsulation OOPs Concept In C++
- Other Features Of OOPs In C++
- Benefits Of OOP In C++ Over Procedural-Oriented Programming
- Disadvantages Of OOPS Concept In C++
- Why Is C++ A Partial OOP Language?
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Introduction To Abstraction In C++
- Types Of Abstraction In C++
- What Is Data Abstraction In C++?
- Understanding Data Abstraction In C++ Using Real Life Example
- Ways Of Achieving Data Abstraction In C++
- What Is An Abstract Class?
- Advantages Of Data Abstraction In C++
- Use Cases Of Data Abstraction In C++
- Encapsulation Vs. Abstraction In C++
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- What Is Encapsulation In C++?
- How Does Encapsulation Work In C++?
- Types Of Encapsulation In C++
- Why Do We Need Encapsulation In C++?
- Implementation Of Encapsulation In C++
- Access Specifiers & Encapsulation In C++
- Role Of Access Specifiers In Encapsulation In C++
- Member Functions & Encapsulation In C++
- Data Hiding & Encapsulation In C++
- Features Of Encapsulation In C++
- Advantages & Disadvantages Of Encapsulation In C++
- Difference Between Abstraction and Encapsulation In C++
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- What Is Inheritance In C++?
- What Are Child And Parent Classes?
- Syntax And Structure Of Inheritance In C++
- Implementing Inheritance In C++
- Importance Of Inheritance In C++
- Types Of Inheritance In C++
- Visibility Modes Of Inheritance In C++
- Access Modifiers & Inheritance In C++
- How To Make A Private Member Inheritable?
- Member Function Overriding In Inheritance In C++
- The Diamond Problem | Inheritance In C++ & Ambiguity
- Ways To Avoid Ambiguity Inheritance In C++
- Why & When To Use Inheritance In C++?
- Advantages Of Inheritance In C++
- The Disadvantages Of Inheritance In C++
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- What Is Hybrid Inheritance In C++?
- Importance Of Hybrid Inheritance In Object Oriented Programming
- Example Of Hybrid Inheritance In C++: Using Single and Multiple Inheritance
- Example Of Hybrid Inheritance In C++: Using Multilevel and Hierarchical Inheritance
- Real-World Applications Of Hybrid Inheritance In C++
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- What Is Multiple Inheritance In C++?
- Examples Of Multiple Inheritance In C++
- Ambiguity Problem In Multiple Inheritance In C++
- Ambiguity Resolution In Multiple Inheritance In C++
- The Diamond Problem In Multiple Inheritance In C++
- Visibility Modes In Multiple Inheritance In C++
- Advantages & Disadvantages Of Multiple Inheritance In C++
- Multiple Inheritance Vs. Multilevel Inheritance In C++
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- What Is Multilevel Inheritance In C++?
- Block Diagram For Multilevel Inheritance In C++
- Multilevel Inheritance In C++ Example
- Constructor & Multilevel Inheritance In C++
- Use Cases Of Multilevel Inheritance In C++
- Multiple Vs Multilevel Inheritance In C++
- Advantages & Disadvantages Of Multilevel Inheritance In C++
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- What Is Hierarchical Inheritance In C++?
- Example 1: Hierarchical Inheritance In C++
- Example 2: Hierarchical Inheritance In C++
- Impact of Visibility Modes In Hierarchical Inheritance In C++
- Advantages And Disadvantages Of Hierarchical Inheritance In C++
- Use Cases Of Hierarchical Inheritance In C++
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- What Are Access Specifiers In C++?
- Types Of Access Specifiers In C++
- Public Access Specifiers In C++
- Private Access Specifier In C++
- Protected Access Specifier In C++
- The Need For Access Specifiers In C++
- Combined Example For All Access Specifiers In C++
- Best Practices For Using Access Specifiers In C++
- Why Can't Private Members Be Accessed From Outside A Class?
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
- What Is The Diamond Problem In C++?
- Example Of The Diamond Problem In C++
- Resolution Of The Diamond Problem In C++
- Virtual Inheritance To Resolve Diamond Problem In C++
- Scope Resolution Operator To Resolve Diamond Problem In C++
- Conclusion
- Frequently Asked Questions
History Of C++ | Timeline (+Infographic), List Of Versions, & More
The C++ language was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1979 by extending C to include features such as inheritance, polymorphism, abstraction, etc. It is one of the most popular languages with a wide range of applications across industries.
0 min read
The C++ programming language is one of the most popular programming languages out there, and it has been in use for over four decades now. But do you know about the history of C++ and its timeline? If not, then you are definitely in for a treat.
In this article, we will take a closer look at the history of C++ programming language, its origin, who invented C++, its importance, scope, etc. We'll also provide a comparison between C++ and some other popular programming languages. So let's get started!
A Brief Intro To C++ & Its History
Wondering when and why was the C++ programming language ever created? C++ is a general-purpose, middle-level programming language created by Danish computer scientist Bjarne Stroustrup in 1979 at Bell Laboratories (now Nokia Bell Labs) in the USA.
- A mid-level language like C++ combines features of both low-level (hardware-level) and high-level (user-oriented) programming languages, allowing developers to write both system-level and application-level software.
- The origin of C++ language lies in it being an extension of the C language, which was created in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie, also at Bell Labs (formerly AT&T Bell Labs).
- While C was already popular for its efficiency in system programming and operating systems like UNIX, it lacked support for object-oriented programming (OOP)–a growing need in the software world.
- To fill this gap, Stroustrup began adding OOP features to C, such as classes, inheritance, and polymorphism, leading to what was first called “C with Classes.” This laid the foundation for what would soon become C++.
- Over time, C++ has grown into one of the most influential languages in the world, widely used in game development, embedded systems, finance, robotics, operating systems, and scientific computing. Its blend of performance, abstraction, and flexibility has made it a staple in both academia and industry.
The language has also evolved significantly through multiple standard versions to stay relevant in the modern software ecosystem. Let’s look at how C++ has progressed over the years.
The Detailed History & Timeline Of C++ (With Infographic)
Here is a timeline of the C++ programming language's evolution showcasing key milestones and how it has progressed over the years:
1979–The Origin/ Beginning
- Bjarne Stroustrup began developing “C with classes” (to be later known as C++) while working on his PhD at Bell Labs in 1979.
- His goal was to create a dynamic language that would allow programmers to build complex systems with high-level abstractions while still providing low-level access to the hardware.
- For this, he combined C’s efficiency with Simula’s object-oriented features.
1983– Etymology of C++ & 1st Version Released
- Rick Mascitti coined the official name for C with classes, naming it C++.
- The name uses the increment operator (++), symbolizing an enhancement over C and new features.
- The first version of C++ was then released to the public in 1983.
- The features added in C++ (over and above C) included classes, objects, basic inheritance, inlining, default function arguments, strong type checking, const keyword, virtual functions, etc.
- It quickly gained popularity amongst novice and experienced programmers alike. It was also adopted by many companies for software development.
Fun Fact: The widely known Bell Labs was originally named Bell Telephone Laboratories, then AT&T Bell Laboratories, and then Bell Labs Innovations. Currently, the labs are named after its present parent company – the Nokia Bell Labs.
1985– First C++ Book Published
- Bjarne Stroustrup released “The C++ Programming Langauge” book, which was a comprehensive guide to the languages.
- The book became the definitive guide to the language and helped to establish C++ as a mainstream programming language. Since then, there have been several major releases and standards of the language.
1989– The 2nd version of C++
- C++ 2.0 was released in 1989 with other OOP features like multiple inheritance, abstract classes, static member functions, and const correctness.
1990/91– Standardisation of C++ Begins (ANSI)
- The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and later the International Organisation of Standardization (ISO) set up a committee to standardize C++.
- This was to bring consistency across compilers and platforms.
1998– The 1st International Standard of C++ (C++ 98)
- The first international standard for C++ is published as ISO/IEC 14882:1998.
- It included additional features such as C++ templates, exceptions, namespaces, and the Standard Template Library (STL).
- This marked a major step toward modern, safer, and reusable C++ code.
- 2003 – C++03 Revision: This year saw a technical revision of C++98, addressing defects and clarifying ambiguities.
2011– The Next Major Revision, Beginning of the “Modern C++” Revolusion
- This was a more advanced version of the language called C++ 11.
- It dramatically improved code expressiveness and performance with powerful features like Auto keyword, Regex support, move semantics, range-based for loops, nullptr, smart pointers, lambda expressions, standard threading library, customary threading library, time library, etc.
2014 to 2017– Refinement Versions
- The next two versions of C++, namely C++14 and C++17, were refinements of C++11.
- In that, C++14 (C++14 (ISO/IEC 14882:2014) added features like generic lambdas, return type deduction, and binary literals.
- And C++17 (ISO/IEC 14882:2017) saw the addition of usability features like if constexpr, structured bindings, filesystem library, parallel algorithms, std::optional, std::variant, etc.
2020– Major Update C++20
- One of the biggest updates since C++11, the version in 2020 ISO/IEC 14882:2020 (C++20), strengthened C++ for modern large-scale software.
- The features included many concepts, coroutines, ranges library, modules, three-way comparison operator (<=>), and many STL improvements.
Upcoming– C++23 (In progress)
As per many sources, the developers are working on making the language more consistent and expressive, with full adoption across compilers. We’ll have to wait and see what the new version will hold.
Importance Of C++
Listed below are a few points emphasizing the importance of C++:
- C++ is one of the most popular and important programming languages in the world, with a wide range of applications in many different industries.
- It is widely used for systems programming, gaming, finance, scientific computing, and robotics, among other areas. It’s especially useful in building complex software systems, where performance, efficiency, and reliability are crucial.
- One of its most valuable features is its ability to provide low-level access to hardware resources. This makes it an ideal language for developing system-level software, such as device drivers, operating systems, and embedded systems.
- It’s also a highly popular choice for scientific computing and is used to build high-performance numerical libraries and simulation tools.
Versions Of C++ Language
Any discussion on the history of C++ language is incomplete without a mention of various versions released so far. The table below provides a concise overview of the key developments in each major version of C++.
| Version | Year of Release | Key Features | Major Changes |
|---|---|---|---|
| C++98 | 1998 | - First ISO standard - Introduced templates and exceptions in C++ |
- Established the Standard Template Library (STL) - Introduced namespaces |
| C++03 | 2003 | - Bug fixes and improvements - Library refinements |
- Made STL more robust - Fixed language ambiguities |
| C++11 | 2011 | - Lambda expressions - Move semantics - Range-based for loops |
- Introduced auto keyword for type inference - Standard threading library |
| C++14 | 2014 | - Enhanced lambda expressions - Generic lambdas - Binary literals |
- Introduced return type deduction - Simplified memory management |
| C++17 | 2017 | - std::optional, std::variant, std::any - Structured bindings - constexpr if |
- Improved compile-time programming - Introduced parallel algorithms |
| C++20 | 2020 | - Concepts and ranges - Coroutines - Calendar and timezone library |
- Introduced modules - Expanded constexpr capabilities |
| C++23 (Upcoming) | 2023 (Expected) | - Likely improvements to existing features - Possible new libraries |
- Expected further simplifications and optimizations |
Structure Of A C++ Program
Now that you know all about the evolution of the C++ programming language, let’s take a look at what a basic C++ program actually looks like.
A typical C++ program has the following structure:
- Header files / Preprocessor directives: Start with #include statements to bring in libraries.
- Namespace declaration: Most examples use using namespace std; to avoid writing std:: everywhere.
- Main function: Every C++ program must have a main() function; it's the entry point.
- Statements inside main: Where the logic or instructions go.
- Return statement: Usually return 0; to signal successful execution.
Here’s a quick example:
I2luY2x1ZGUgPGlvc3RyZWFtPiAgICAgICAgICAvLyBQcmVwcm9jZXNzb3IgZGlyZWN0aXZlCnVzaW5nIG5hbWVzcGFjZSBzdGQ7ICAgICAgICAgLy8gTmFtZXNwYWNlIGRlY2xhcmF0aW9uCgppbnQgbWFpbigpIHsgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIC8vIE1haW4gZnVuY3Rpb24KICAgIGNvdXQgPDwgIkhlbGxvLCBXb3JsZCEiOyAvLyBPdXRwdXQgc3RhdGVtZW50CiAgICByZXR1cm4gMDsgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgLy8gUmV0dXJuIHN0YXRlbWVudAp9
Want to break this down line-by-line with examples and variations? Check out our full guide on the Structure of a C++ Program!
Comparison With Other Popular Programming Languages
Here is a comparison of C++ with two other popular programming languages:
Java & C++
- C++ is a statically typed language, which means that the data types of variables are declared at compile time. In comparison, Java is a dynamically typed language, which means that the data types of variables are declared at runtime.
- Memory management is manual in C++, i.e., it’s the programmer's responsibility to manually allocate and deallocate memory. In Java, memory management is done by the JVM, which performs garbage collection to free memory.
- C++ is generally faster than Java, but it’s less portable compared to Java language. Java also has a larger ecosystem of libraries and frameworks.
Also read: Top 15+ Difference Between C++ And Java Explained! (+Similarities)
Python & C++
- Python has a simpler syntax than C++, which makes it easier to understand and use. C++ has a complex syntax and is considered one of the tougher languages to learn.
- Also, C++ is statically typed, while Python is a dynamically typed language.
- Python is highly portable and can run on any platform that has a Python interpreter. In comparison, C++ has to be compiled separately for each platform.
- C++ is a compiler-based language and is, hence, faster than Python and other such interpreted languages (including Java). Though Python has a larger and more robust ecosystem of libraries and frameworks, making it easier to use.
- Memory management is manual in C++, i.e., it’s the responsibility of the programmer to manually allocate and deallocate memory. In Python, memory management is done automatically by the interpreter.
Conclusion
The history of C++ is definitely rich and fascinating, and to this day, it remains one of the most widely used programming languages in the world. It’s very flexible and efficient, making it ideal for a wide range of applications. The support offered with the addition of OOP paradigms and interfaces provides programmers with powerful tools for software design. While novice programmers might find it to be a bit complex to learn, there is no denying the fact that it is one of the most rewarding languages to use. Essentially, it remains a vital part of today’s programming landscape.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q1. Who invented C++? How old is it?
C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1979 at Bell Labs. Around the same time, he was also working on his Ph.D. thesis. He is regarded as the Father of C++. As of 2023, the C++ programming language is 44 years old.
Q2. Is C++ a dead language?
Absolutely not! You might have heard some people say that this language is dead and has become redundant today. However, the fact that C++ still remains one of the most popular and widely used programming languages in the world, even 44 years after it first came out, negates such claims. In fact, in January, C++ won the Tiobe programming language of the year designation for 2022.
Q3. Which is older- C or C++?
The short answer is C. Programming language C was originally developed in 1972 and is considered the mother of all languages since most compilers are written in C. Also, many newer programming languages follow the C syntax, including C++, which was developed in 1979 as an extension of C. So as you can see, the C language is older than C++.
Q4. When was C++ first introduced?
C++ was originally invented in 1979 by the Danish developer Bjarne Stroustrup. However, it was only in 1983 that the first version of C++ was released to the public. It quickly gained popularity among programmers worldwide and was adopted by many companies as well. The rest, as they say, is history!
Q5. Why was C++ introduced?
It was developed to build complex systems with high-level abstractions while still providing low-level access to the hardware. Stroustrup wanted to extend the C language and include features such as classes, inheritance, abstraction, and polymorphism to make it easier to write efficient, modular, and reusable code.
Q6. Which is older- Python or C++?
The C++ language is definitely older than Python. C++ was developed in 1979 and made available to the public in 1983, while the implementation of Python began only in 1989.
Q7. What kind of language is C++?
C++ is a general-purpose programming language that combines both high-level and low-level language features. It is considered a Superset of C. It’s also an object-oriented programming language. It has wide applications across domains and industries across the world.
Q8. What was C++ originally called?
Bjarne Stroustrup initially called the language “C with classes”, when he developed it in 1979. But in 1982-83, Bjarne upgraded the language to include various new features, and at that point, the language was renamed C++. Computer scientist Rick Mascitti is credited for coining the new name.
Q9. Is C++ the oldest programming language?
C++ is not the oldest programming language. The first commercially available language was FORTRAN, which was developed in 1957. In comparison, C++ was invented in 1979, and it was first made public in 1983.
Q10. Is C++ better than Java?
To say that one of these languages is better than the other in absolute terms is not sensible. That's because each of them has its own strengths and weaknesses. Both are highly popular programming languages used widely in various areas. For example, while C++ is faster than Java, Java is more beginner friendly in comparison to C++.
Q11. Which is more popular- C or C++?
C++ is more popular than C. It contains all the features and benefits of C while providing various new features and OOP paradigms, such as classes, inheritance, and polymorphism.
Q12. Is C++ the mother of all languages?
No, it is the C programming language, which is considered the mother of all languages. This is because many believe that once you master the concepts of C, you can understand and work with any of the other programming languages. Many of the high-level languages are based on C, including C++.
Q13. What is STL in C++?
The STL (Standard Template Library), provides generic algorithms and data structures such as vectors, containers, and iterators. The STL makes it easier to write efficient and reusable code.
Q14. What is the difference between C and C++?
C++ is an object-oriented programming language and an extension of C. In contrast, C is a procedural-oriented programming language. Also, C++ is an extension of the C language, having all the features of C but also adding various new features such as OOP, regex support, range-based for loops, etc. Read this article to know more about the differences-
Test Your Skills: Quiz Time
This compiles our discussion on the history of C++ programming language. Do check out the following to explore more on C++:
- Comment In C++ | Types, Usage, C-Style Comments & More (+Examples)
- Operators In C++ | Types, Precedence & Associativity (+ Examples)
- Pointers in C++ | A Roadmap To All Pointer Types (With Examples)
- Array In C++ | Ultimate Guide On Creation, Types & More (Examples)
- C++ Function | A Comprehensive Guide (With Code Examples)
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