Python Namespace & Variable Scope Explained (With Code Examples)

The term namespace can be broken down into name and space, meaning a space to store & manage names. In Python programming context, namespace is a fundamental concept that provides us with a way to organize and manage the variables & object names, their scope, etc. In this article, we will discuss Python namespace covering its purpose, types, scope of variables, mutability, best practices, and more. Understanding how namespaces work is essential for writing clean, maintainable, and error-free Python code.

What Is Python Namespace?

A namespace in Python is a system that ensures that all object names in a program are unique and can be used without any ambiguity. In other words, the concept of namespaces is crucial for managing these object names and ensuring that each symbolic name is unique and unambiguous within its context.

• Essentially, a Python namespace is a collection of symbolic names where each name is mapped to a corresponding object.
• This helps prevent naming conflicts, i.e., it ensures that the names of variables in a program are unique and do not conflict with one another. Thus enabling efficient code organization.
• Python creates and maintains different namespaces at different moments with different lifetimes. This allows the same name to exist in different contexts without causing confusion.

• A namespace in Python can be thought of as a dictionary where the keys are the symbolic names of the objects (identifiers), and the values are the actual objects themselves.

In short, a Python namespace is a container that holds a collection of identifiers (object names) and ensures that they are unique within that context, thereby preventing naming conflicts and aiding in maintaining code clarity and organization.

Real-Life Example Of Python Namespace

Consider a library whose shelves are sectioned on the basis of the genre/ theme and the books arranged on the shelves according to their names or some other characteristic. The Python namespace can then be thought of as:

• Library (Built-in Namespace): The entire library as a whole can be likened to a built-in Python namespace, containing a wide variety of books (built-in Python functions and classes) that are always available.
• Section (Global Namespace): Each section in the library, such as Fiction, Non-Fiction, Arts, Science, etc., can be likened to a global Python namespace. Here, each section encompasses only those books (objects) that are related to the respective category. For example, the Fiction section will contain all books under the umbrella theme.
• Bookshelf (Local Namespace): There are multiple bookshelves in every section, and each shelf can be likened to a local namespace. Here, each bookshelf contains books that pertain to a specific genre or topic within that section. For example, there can be a single she'd for Science-fiction within the Fiction section.
• Book (Enclosed Namespace):  Further, each bookshelf contains individual books (object) each representing an enclosed namespace with chapters (variables) unique to that book.

By organizing the library in this way, there is no confusion about which books belong where, and each book can be easily found without naming conflicts. And just like you can identify a book and its location by using these name tags (section, sub-section, etc.), the Python namespace helps the interpreter understand the exact method, variable, and object that you are referring to with the identifier.

Lifetime Of Python Namespace

The lifetime of a namespace refers to the duration for which the valid namespace exists and the variables within it are accessible. Different types of namespaces have different accessibility of variables and lifetimes.

• The built-in namespace is created when the Python interpreter starts and persists until the interpreter terminates.
• The global namespace is created when a module or script is first executed and lasts until the interpreter terminates or the program ends.
• The local namespace within a function is created when the function is called and is destroyed when the function returns, meaning the variables defined within the function are not accessible outside of it.
• The enclosing namespace, relevant in nested function definitions, lasts as long as the outer function is executing and until it returns.

Types Of Python Namespace

In Python, namespaces are categorized into four distinct types, each playing a crucial role in organizing and managing identifiers to prevent conflicts and ensure clear code structure. We have mentioned these types above, they include:

• Built-in Namespace: It contains Python's standard/ built-in function and exceptions, making them always available.
• Global Namespace: It includes names of variables defined at the top level of a module or script that are accessible throughout the module.
• Enclosing Namespace: It pertains to names in the scope of any enclosing functions, particularly in the context of nested functions.
• Local Namespace: It holds names defined within a function that exist only during the function's execution.

We will discuss these Python namespace types in detail in the sections ahead, along with examples.

The Built-In Namespace In Python

The built-in Python namespace contains all the functions, exceptions, and other object types that are always available in the Python program, i.e., all of Python's built-in objects.

• This namespace is created when the Python interpreter starts and is accessible from any part of the program without the need for any import statements.
• Common built-in function include print(), len(), type(), and built-in exceptions like ValueError, TypeError, among others.

Python provides a built-in module named builtins that allows you to access these objects. This module defines standard names that can be used without an explicit reference to the module.

Command: To view all the names in the built-in Python namespace, you can use the dir() function with the builtins module:

import builtins
print(dir(builtins))

This command will list all the objects provided by the built-in Python namespace. Let's look at a simple Python program example, which illustrates the concept of built-in namespace.

Code Example: 

# Example using built-in functions
# Define a list
my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

# Use the built-in len() function to get the length of the list
list_length = len(my_list)
print("Length of the list:", list_length)

# Use the built-in max() function to find the maximum value in the list
max_value = max(my_list)
print("Maximum value in the list:", max_value)

# Use the built-in min() function to find the minimum value in the list
min_value = min(my_list)
print("Minimum value in the list:", min_value)

# Use the built-in sum() function to find the sum of the values in the list
total_sum = sum(my_list)
print("Sum of the values in the list:", total_sum)

# Use the built-in print() function to display a message
print("This is an example of using built-in functions in Python.")

Output: 

Length of the list: 5
Maximum value in the list: 5
Minimum value in the list: 1
Sum of the values in the list: 15
This is an example of using built-in functions in Python.

Explanation: 

In the simple Python code example- 

1. We define a list called my_list containing the integer values [1, 2, 3, 4, 5].
2. Then, we use the built-in len() function to determine the number of elements in my_list, store the result in the integer object/ variable list_length and output it using the print() function.
3. Next, we use the built-in function max() to find the highest value in my_list, store it in the integer object/ variable max_value and print it.
4. After that, we use the built-in min() function to find the lowest value in my_list, store it in the integer object/ variable min_value and print it.
5. We then use the built-in sum() function to calculate the total of all values in my_list, store the result in the variable total_sum and print the same.
6. Finally, we use the print() function to display a general string object/ message indicating the purpose of the program.

The Global Namespace In Python

The global namespace in Python consists of names that are defined at the top level of a script or module. This includes variables, functions, classes, and other objects defined outside any functions or classes.

• Each module has its own global namespace, which is created when the module is first imported and persists until the interpreter terminates.
• Objects in the global namespace can be accessed from any part of the module.
• However, to modify a global variable inside a function, you must use the global keyword to signify that the variable is global.
• Without the use of this keyword, any assignment statement initializing additional variables within a function will create a local variable with the same name.
• In this sense, the global namespace can be referred to as the outer namespace, and any inner namespace, like a function, cannot access its element without proper keywords.

Below is a Python program example illustrating the global namespace with a global variable and function. 

Code Example: 

# Global variable
counter = 0

def increment():
  global counter
  counter += 1
  print("Counter inside function:", counter)

# Display the initial value of the global variable
print("Initial counter value:", counter)

# Call the function to modify the global variable
increment()

# Display the modified value of the global variable
print("Counter after incrementing:", counter)

Output: 

Initial counter value: 0
Counter inside function: 1
Counter after incrementing: 1

Explanation: 

In the Python code example-

1. We create a global variable counter and assign the value 0 to it.
2. Then, we define a function called increment() to modify the value of the variable counter. Inside the function definition-
   • We declare the counter variable using the global keyword to indicate that we want to modify the global variable rather than a local one.
   • Next, we use the increment operator to increase its value by 1. 
   • Then, we use the print() function to display the updated value of counter within the function scope.
3. After the function definition, we output the initial value of the counter variable using the print() function. This shows the variable's initial state, which is 0.
4. Next, we call the increment() function (without any function arguments). The function modifies the value of the counter variable and prints it to the console.
5. Lastly, we use another print() statement to verify that the value of counter variable has been incremented by 1.

The Local Namespace In Python

The local namespace in Python refers to the scope that contains names (variables, functions, etc.) defined within a function. Every time a function is called, a new local namespace is created for that function's execution context.

• This namespace is temporary and exists only during the execution of the function.
• It stores variables that are local to the function, that is, those defined inside the function or passed as function parameters/ function arguments.
• Local variables are accessible only within the function where they are defined.
• They are destroyed once the function completes its execution, and this Python namespace is discarded, ensuring that variables do not persist beyond their intended scope.

The sample Python program below illustrates the mechanism of local namespace and how trying to access a local variable outside the scope of the function results in an error.

Code Example:

def calculate_sum(a, b):
  # Local variables
  result = a + b
  print("Local variables within calculate_sum function:", end=" ")
  print(locals()) # Display local variables using locals() function
  return result

# Call the function to perform calculation
sum_result = calculate_sum(5, 3)

# Print the result of the calculation
print("Result of the calculation:", sum_result)

# Try to access local variables outside the function (will raise NameError)
print(result)

Output:

Local variables within calculate_sum function: {'a': 5, 'b': 3, 'result': 8}
Result of the calculation: 8
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/home/main.py", line 15, in <module>
print(result)
NameError: name 'result' is not defined

Explanation:

In the sample Python code-

1. We define a function called calculate_sum() that takes two function parameters, a and b. Inside this-
   • First, we declare a variable result, a local variable and assign it the sum of function parameters, i.e., a + b.
   • Then, we use a print() statement to output a string message with an end parameter to print without a newline.
   • In the next print() statement, we use the local() function to print all the local values belonging to the function. It returns a dictionary containing all local variables and their values.
   • Finally, the function returns the result variable, which stores the sum of the function parameters.
2. Next, we call the calculate_sum() function with integer values 5 and 3 as function arguments and store the outcome in the variable sum_result.
3. We then use a print() statement to display the value of the variable to the console.
4. After that, we attempt to print the result variable outside the function. However, this would raise a NameError because the result is a local variable defined within calculate_sum and is not accessible outside its scope.

The Enclosing Namespace In Python

An enclosing Python namespace, also known as a non-local namespace, is a special type of namespace that comes into play when functions are nested within other functions.

• That is, when a function is defined inside another function, the outer function's namespace acts as an enclosing namespace for the inner function.
• It represents the scope between the local and global scopes. Or the scope that contains the local variables of any enclosing (outer) functions.
• When an inner function accesses a variable that is not defined locally but is in the scope of an outer function, it accesses the enclosing/ immediate outer namespace.
• It is important to note that while the inner function can access the variables from its enclosing Python namespace, it cannot modify the value without the use of the nonlocal keyword. 

This mechanism allows inner functions to access and manipulate variables from their enclosing scopes, facilitating encapsulation and separation of concerns in code. Let's examine an example Python program that illustrates this mechanism.

Code Example: 

def outer_function():
  outer_variable = 'I am from the outer function'

  def inner_function():
    print("Inner function accessing variable from enclosing scope:", outer_variable)
    # nonlocal outer_varable
    # outer_variable = 'I am the modified value'

  inner_function()

# Call the outer function to execute the example
outer_function()

Output: 

Inner function accessing variable from enclosing scope: I am from the outer function

Explanation: 

In the example Python code-

1. We define a function named outer_function(), inside which we first declare a variable called outer_variable and initialise it with a string value.
2. Then, we define another function inside it, called the inner_function(), which makes it a nested function.
   • Inside it, we use the print() function to access the outer_function from the enclosing namespace (the scope of outer_function() where outer_variable is defined) and output its value along with a descriptive string message.
3. Next, we call the inner_function() immediately within outer_function().
4. In the main part of the program, we then call the outer_function(). This call executes inner_function() as part of its execution flow.
5. As shown in the output, this function call prints the string value mentioned inside the inner_function() with the value of the outer_variable.
6. This shows that inner_function() successfully accesses and prints the value of outer_variable defined in the outer function.
7. Notice the comments inside the inner function. Here, we redeclare the outer_variable using the nonlocal keyword. It is only after this can we modify the value. If you do not use the nonlocal keyword, you can only access the value as. 

Variable Scope & Namespace In Python

In Python, the scope of a variable refers to the region of the program where the variable is accessible. Variable scope in Python determines the visibility and lifespan of variables within a program. This is closely related to the concept of namespaces, which define the context in which variables are resolved.

Understanding variable scope and Python namespaces is crucial for writing efficient, bug-free code. Python uses the LEGB rule to determine the scope of a variable and ensure that when required, a variable is accessed from the correct namespace.

The term LEGB stands for Local, Enclosing, Global, and Built-in scopes. This rule specifies the order in which Python searches for variable names. 

• Local (L) Scope: Variables defined within a function are local to that function. They are accessible only within the function's body. Once the function completes execution, local variables are destroyed.
• Enclosing (E) Scope: This applies to nested functions. If a variable is not found in the local scope of the inner function, Python searches the enclosing scope of outer functions. This continues outward through more enclosing scopes.
• Global (G) Scope: Variables defined at the top level of a module or declared as global within a function are considered global. They are accessible throughout the module. Global variables persist until the interpreter terminates or until they are explicitly deleted.
• Built-in (B) Scope: Python's built-in namespace contains names like print(), len(), etc. These names are always accessible from any scope without any import statements.

By now, it must be clear that the scope of a variable is interrelated with the namespace it belongs to. Below is a Python program sample demonstrating the concept of global and local scope. 

Code Example:

# Global variable
global_var = 'I am global'

def my_function():
  # Local variable
  local_var = 'I am local'
  print("Inside function - local_var:", local_var)
  print("Inside function - global_var:", global_var)

# Call the function
my_function()

print("Outside function - global_var:", global_var)

# Try to access local_var outside the function (will raise NameError)
print("Outside function - local_var:", local_var)

Output: 

Inside function - local_var: I am local
Inside function - global_var: I am global
Outside function - global_var: I am global
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/home/main.py", line 15, in <module>
print("Outside function - local_var:", local_var)
NameError: name 'local_var' is not defined. Did you mean: 'global_var'?

Explanation: 

In the Python code sample-

1. We begin by defining a global variable global_var and initialize it with the string value- 'I am global'.
2. Then, we define a function called my_function() to demonstrate both local and global variable scopes. Inside the function
   • We initialize a local variable local_var with the string value- 'I am local'.
   • It also has two print() statements, which access and print the values of the local and global variables with a descriptive message indicating it was done inside the function.
3. Next, we call the my_function() function, and the output shows that this function can access the global variable without any issues. That is, we can access the global variable from within the function's scope.
4. After that, we access and print the value of the global_var variable outside any function. This is to show that once defined, the global variable is accessible throughout the entire program.
5. Similarly, we try to access and print the local_var outside its function. Note that this operation would raise a NameError because it is defined strictly within the scope of my_function() and is not accessible outside of it.
6. This shows that a local variable has a limited scope and cannot be accessed from anywhere in the program. 

Note- The concept of local and non-local variables works somewhat similar to this, where an inner function can access the variable of the outer function it is nested in. Look at the example in the enclosing Python namespace section above to find an illustration.

The variable inside an inner nested function is local to it, and a variable in the enclosing space (i.e., outer function) is not. However, unlike global variables, you can access the non-local variable without the need for any keyword. But you must use the non-local keyword if you want to modify a variable in the enclosing space from inside the nested function.

Python Namespace Dictionaries

The concepts of namespaces in Python are closely related to dictionaries in terms of how they store and manage names (identifiers) and their corresponding objects (variables, functions, etc.).

In fact, Python namespaces are implemented as dictionaries. This means that each namespace is a mapping from variable names (keys) to their corresponding objects (values). Understanding this relationship can help clarify how variables are stored and accessed in Python.

• Python provides two built-in functions, globals() and locals(), which allow you to access the dictionaries representing the global and local namespaces, respectively.
• These functions provide a way to inspect the current state of namespaces, although it's important to note that the built-in and enclosing namespaces do not directly behave like namespace dictionaries as they are not directly accessible via these functions.

Let's discuss these functions in detail, along with code examples. 

The globals() Function

The built-in function globals() returns a dictionary representing the current global namespace. That is, when you call this function, it will return all entries in global namespace. This includes, all variables and functions defined at the top level of a module or script, even including variables from imported modules.

Code Example:

# Global variable
global_var = 'I am global'

def my_function():
  local_var = 'I am local'
  print("Inside function - Global namespace:")
  print(globals())

# Call the function
my_function()

# Access global_var directly using globals()
print("Global variable accessed directly:", globals()['global_var'])

Output: 

Inside function - Global namespace:
{'__name__': '__main__', '__doc__': None, '__package__': None, '__loader__': <_frozen_importlib_external.SourceFileLoader object at 0x7f4e1f5a55b0>, '__spec__': None, '__annotations__': {}, '__builtins__': <module 'builtins' (built-in)>, 'global_var': 'I am global', 'my_function': <function my_function at 0x7f4e1f5b15e0>}
Global variable accessed directly: I am global

Explanation: 

In the basic Python code example- 

1. First, we define a global variable global_var and initialize it with the string- 'I am global'.
2. We then define a function called my_function() to showcase the usage of global variables and the globals() function. Inside this function-
   
   • We declare and initialize a local variable local_var with the string 'I am local', though it's not directly used beyond this point.
   • Then we have a print() statement that displays a message indicating it's inside the function and accessing the global namespace.
   • Next, we access the global() function inside another print statement to display what the function returns.
   • The globals() function returns a dictionary representing the current global symbol table. It includes all global variables defined in the program.
3. In the main part, we call the my_function() function. This call prints all the entries in the global namespace.
4. After that, we call the globals() function with a specific object name inside square brackets, i.e., globals()['global_var']. This allows us to directly access the value of global_var from the global symbol table. 
5. This example shows that we can use the globals() function to access the entire global namespace or even a single object inside it. 

The locals() Function

The built-in function locals() Python returns a dictionary representing the current local namespace. It includes all variables and functions defined within the current function's scope.

Code Example: 

def my_function():
  local_var = 'I am local'
  print("Local namespace within my_function:")
  print(locals())

# Call the function
my_function()

Output: 

Local namespace within my_function:
{'local_var': 'I am local'}

Explanation: 

In the code block above-

1. We define a function called my_function() to demonstrate the usage of local variables and the locals() function in Python. Inside-
   • First, we declare a local variable local_var and assign the string value- 'I am local' to it.
   • Then, we have a print statement to display a message indicating it's inside the function.
   • Next, we call the locals() function from inside a print statement. The locals() function returns a dictionary representing the current local symbol table. It contains all local variables and their values within the function's scope.
2. In the main part, we call the my_function() function, which prints out the local namespace dictionary, which includes local_var and its corresponding value.
3. The output thus demonstrates that locals() accurately reflects the local variables defined within the function, in this case, local_var.

Important Notes:

1. Built-in and Enclosing Namespaces: Unlike global and local namespaces, the built-in and enclosing namespaces cannot be directly accessed or manipulated using globals() and locals() functions. They are maintained internally by Python and are not exposed as dictionaries.

2. Usage and Limitations: While globals() and locals() provide insights into namespaces, they are primarily intended for inspection and debugging purposes. Directly modifying the dictionaries returned by these functions is not recommended and can lead to unpredictable behavior.

Changing Variables Out Of Their Scope & Python Namespace

Changing variables out of their scope is a powerful feature that leverages the concept of namespaces in Python. It involves modifying variables that are defined outside the current execution context, such as global variables or variables in enclosing scopes.

• In the previous section, we discussed how we can access variables from other scopes.
• However, we can also effectively manage and modify variables across different scopes by using keywords like global and nonlocal. 
• This can be done using specific keywords, i.e., global for modifying global variables within a function and nonlocal for modifying variables in an enclosing scope from within a nested function.
• This concept is crucial for managing variable states across different parts of a program, ensuring changes are made predictably and appropriately. When used correctly, it can enhance the functionality and maintainability of your code.

Understanding the distinction between mutable and immutable objects is also important, as mutable objects (like lists and dictionaries) can be modified within functions, affecting the original object, while immutable objects (like integers and strings) cannot be changed directly, leading to the creation of new objects within the function scope.

• Mutable Arguments: Mutable objects are those whose state can be changed after they are created. Common mutable types include Python lists, dictionaries, sets, and arrays. When a mutable object is passed to a function, modifications within the function can affect the original object outside the function. This is because mutable objects are passed by reference, not by value.
• Immutable Arguments: Immutable objects are those whose state cannot be changed after they are created. Common immutable types include integers, floats, boolean, strings, tuples, bytes, etc. When an immutable object is passed to a function, modifications within the function do not affect the original object. Instead, any modification creates a new object.

Best Practices Of Python Namespace

Namespaces in Python play a crucial role in organizing and managing identifiers (variables, functions, classes, etc.) to prevent naming conflicts and ensure code clarity. Here are some important use cases and best practices for leveraging Python namespaces effectively:

1. Avoiding Name Collisions: Python namespaces help prevent naming conflicts by encapsulating identifiers within specific contexts. This allows developers to reuse common names across different modules or functions without unintended clashes.
2. Efficient Code Organization: Namespaces in Python provide a structured way to organize code by grouping related identifiers together. This improves code readability and maintainability by clearly delineating different components of a program.
3. Module-Level Scope: In Python, each module has its own global namespace. Modules act as containers for Python namespaces, allowing for logical separation of concerns and facilitating modular design practices.
4. Encapsulation and Information Hiding: Using Python namespaces effectively supports encapsulation and information hiding principles. By defining variables and functions within appropriate namespaces, developers can control access to internal components and reduce dependencies between different parts of a program.
5. Limiting Scope: Local namespaces within functions limit the scope of variables and prevent them from affecting other parts of the program unintentionally. This enhances code reliability and reduces the likelihood of bugs related to variable scope.
6. Avoiding Global Variables: Excessive use of global variables can lead to code that is hard to understand and maintain. Using Python namespaces allows developers to minimize the use of global variables by encapsulating data within smaller, more manageable scopes.
7. Modifying Built-in Behavior Safely: Python's built-in namespaces (builtins) contain standard functions and objects. While directly modifying built-in namespaces in Python is discouraged, understanding them allows developers to extend or override built-in functionality safely when necessary.
8. Alias Management: Using namespaces facilitates alias management through the import statement in Python programs. Aliasing allows developers to refer to modules or objects using shorter or more descriptive names, improving code readability.
9. Testing and Debugging: Understanding Python namespaces aids in testing and debugging processes. By inspecting local and global namespaces during runtime, developers can diagnose scope-related issues and track variable states more effectively.
10. Namespace Clarity and Documentation: Clear naming conventions and proper documentation of Python namespaces enhance code comprehension for both current and future developers working on the project. Documenting namespaces helps convey the purpose and intended use of identifiers within different contexts.

Conclusion

Python namespaces are fundamental for developing robust and maintainable code structures. They provide a systematic way to organize and manage identifiers, preventing naming conflicts and promoting code clarity.

• You can encapsulate variables and function within appropriate scopes, control access to data, and enhance code readability by effectively leveraging namespaces in Python programs.
• Whether managing global, local, or module-level namespaces, Python's namespace system facilitates modular design practices and supports best practices in software development.

By following these principles, developers can write clean, efficient, and conflict-free code that is easier to debug, maintain, and extend over time. In short, proper use of namespaces in Python not only improves code reusability and organization but also helps foster collaboration and scalability in software projects.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q. How are namespaces related to variable scope in Python?

Namespaces define the scope of identifiers in Python. Local namespaces are specific to functions and exist temporarily during function execution. Global namespaces belong to entire modules and persist throughout the modular program's execution. Variables defined within a namespace are accessible within that scope and any narrower scopes nested within it.

Q. Can namespaces overlap or conflict in Python?

No, namespaces in Python are designed to prevent overlap or conflict by organizing names into distinct scopes. Each type of namespace (local, global, etc.) ensures that names are unique within their respective scopes to avoid ambiguity and naming collisions.

Q. How does Python resolve names in different namespaces?

Python uses the LEGB rule (Local, Enclosing, Global, Built-in) to resolve names:

• Local: Names defined within the current function.
• Enclosing: Names in the scope of enclosing functions (for nested functions).
• Global: Names at the top level of the module.
• Built-in: Names provided by the built-in namespace.

Q. Can namespaces be accessed and modified directly in Python?

While Python namespaces themselves cannot be accessed or modified directly like dictionaries, Python provides functions like globals() and locals() to inspect the global and local namespaces in Python, respectively. These functions return dictionaries representing the respective current namespaces. For example, the globals() function returns all the entries in global namespace.

Q. What are the best practices for using namespaces in Python?

Effectively managing Python namespaces is essential for writing clean, maintainable, and bug-free code. Some best practices to make the most of namespaces are:

• It's best to avoid global variables to reduce complexity and potential errors, instead relying on function parameters and return values.
• Giving meaningful names to objects, i.e., variables, functions, and classes, helps prevent namespace collisions and improve readability.
• Encapsulating variables within functions and classes restrict their scope, minimizing unintended interactions.
• Organizing code into modules and packages creates separate Python namespaces, making the codebase more scalable.
• It's crucial to avoid overwriting Python's built-in names to prevent unexpected behaviors.

Test Your Knowledge Of Python Namespaces!

By now, it must be clear how making the proper use of namespaces in Python can work wonders for you. Here are a few other articles you must explore:

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